A 70-year-old female presents with confusion, nausea, and headache. Her serum sodium level is 130 mmol/L. She has been taking diuretics for hypertension. 

The functional unit of the liver is the: 

Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production? 

An older adult presents with frequent heartburn and regurgitation. Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms? 

Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can lead to which of the following conditions? 

What happens to male primordial structures in embryos destined to be female (46,XX)? 

Diarrhea can result from all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: 

A patient with ulcerative colitis is also diagnosed with an autoimmune disorder. What is the relationship between these conditions? 

A patient presents with jaundice, fatigue, and elevated liver enzymes. They are diagnosed with hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. What is the expected outcome for this patient? 

A child is diagnosed with gigantism due to excessive GH production. What is the likely cause of this condition?