Prior to European colonization, tens of thousands of whooping cranes lived in North America. By 1938, due to overexploitation and habitat loss, whooping cranes were virtually extinct, with a total population of only 15 individuals. Since then, careful conservation efforts have increased the North American whooping crane population to over 800 today. From a genetic standpoint, as a result of this catastrophe, whooping cranes experienced a “population bottleneck”, which is a severe form of . The current population of whooping cranes should be expected to have , relative to the pre-colonial population.

A study on grooming among vervet monkeys has shown that individuals who groom other unrelated individuals are more likely to get a response from those they’ve groomed when they call for aid. This observation supports the hypothesis that this social behavior could have evolved by way of…

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER A mother and her two daughters each develop breast cancer at approximately the same age in their lives. Based on genetic analysis, it is determined that mutations in the BRCA1,  tumor suppressor gene, is responsible for all three instances of cancer. Their specific mutations are presented below (bold base pair). Mother: ATCGGTCCADaughter A: ATCGCACCADaughter B: ATCGGTCCA Given these data, what is the most likely origin of each daughters’ cancer? Daughter A’s cancer is Daughter B’s cancer is

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER Use the table below to transcribe and translate the following DNA sequence and identify the final polypeptide strand. DNA: 3′ – TTGCGACCAGGGAACCGA – 5′

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER A mother and her two daughters each develop breast cancer at approximately the same age in their lives. Based on genetic analysis, it is determined that mutations in the BRCA1,  tumor suppressor gene, is responsible for all three instances of cancer. Their specific mutations are presented below (bold base pair). Mother: ATCGGTCCADaughter A: ATCGGTCCADaughter B: ATCGCACCA Given these data, what is the most likely origin of each daughters’ cancer? Daughter A’s cancer is Daughter B’s cancer is

Restriction enzymes and the Cas9 enzyme are two mechanisms bacteria use to fight of viruses.  What characteristic of these enzymes defend a bacteria against viruses and make them such useful tools for genetic engineers?

A young male bird lives in an area where all the suitable nesting sites are hard to find because they are claimed by more experienced, older males. Of the options listed below, what is the young bird’s best choice, in terms of increasing his inclusive fitness?

A young male bird lives in an area where all the suitable nesting sites are hard to find because they are claimed by more experienced, older males. Of the options listed below, what is the young bird’s best choice, in terms of increasing his inclusive fitness?

Prior to European colonization, over 50 million bison lived across North America. By 1882, due to overexploitation by European colonists, the bison was virtually extinct, with the total population in North America numbering around ~500 individuals. Since then, careful conservation efforts have increased the North American bison population to over 300,000 today. As a result of this catastrophe, bison experienced a “population bottleneck”, which is a severe form of . As a result, the current population should be expected to have , relative to the pre-colonial population.

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER A mother and her two daughters each develop breast cancer at approximately the same age in their lives. Based on genetic analysis, it is determined that mutations in the BRCA1,  tumor suppressor gene, is responsible for all three instances of cancer. Their specific mutations are presented below (bold base pair). Mother: ATCGGTCCADaughter A: ATCGGTCCADaughter B: ATCGCACCA Given these data, what is the most likely origin of each daughters’ cancer? Daughter A’s cancer is Daughter B’s cancer is