Soft drinks, energy drinks, and sports drinks with fermentable carbohydrate should be avoided during orthodontia. Foods and drinks high in citric acid should also be avoided.

Oral signs of deficiency for which type of vitamin include the following: 1. Cracking of the skin at the corners of the lips 2. Purple-red swollen tongue 3. Secondary infection with fungi or bacteria (i.e. NUG) 4. Edema of oral and throat mucous membranes 5. Painful eating and swallowing

Case Study (5 points): John, a single 35 year old oil rig worker, has not been in for a routing dental cleaning in two years. He is concerned because his gums bleed when he brushes and his gums feel tender sometimes. Upon examination, the hygienist notes the following in her assessments: • Red dots on the soft palate and on skin of his cheeks• Soft, spongy, red, inflamed gingiva; no recession• Profuse bleeding even on slight touching and with probing• Slight mobility on a number of teeth in both arches• Radiographs reveal no bone loss or other pathology• Light calculus• Plaque score of 20%• Several in-tact amalgam restorations, no overhanging or leaking margins; no carious lesions• Non-smoker• Takes no medications or supplements• Has no significant medical history• Lives on oil rig for 8 weeks at time; with two weeks off in between • Dietary habits:       o Eats mostly fish, meat and chicken       o Eats lots of bread, rolls, muffins       o Doesn’t like many vegetables except iceberg lettuce and potatoes       o Drinks mostly water, whole milk, sweet tea and coffee for beverages; he drinks beer when off the oil rig   Based on John’s assessments, answer the following questions: 1. What nutrient deficiency is the most likely cause of his oral condition? 2. What is the term for the red dots on John’s palate and cheeks? 3. Why would the gingiva bleed on touching/probing? 4. What recall interval would you recommend for John and why? 5. What dietary suggestions would you recommend for John? Consider his lifestyle, his current dietary habits/preferences and his willingness to make necessary changes.

Studies suggest that leukoplakia is caused by excess vitamin A, retinoids, and beta-carotene. Leukoplakia is an erythematous lesion that appears on the lateral borders of the tongue.

Which of the following samples will have the lowest pressure if they are all at the same temperature and in identical containers (same volume)?

This vitamin is implicated in eye health and a deficiency causes night blindness, Bitot’s spots and xerophthalmia.

The main manifestation of type 2 diabetes is:

Which of the following vitamins should the patient on Warfarin (anticoagulant/blood thinner) NOT take or even eat vegetables that contain it?

Each of the following is a potential effect of gingival recession except one. Which one is the exception?

Vegetarians (vegans), especially children, are at risk of deficiency of which nutrient(s)?