Regression, or reverting to behaviors from an earlier stage, may include:

CBT’s emphasis on present-oriented strategies can be a limitation in trauma treatment because:

Perry & Szalavitz (2017) stress that rigid authoritarian caregiving often leads to:

Healing trauma within communities can include

The DSM-5 defines PTSD as requiring:

In Losing Your Body, Losing Yourself, Van Der Kolk (2014) explains that trauma survivors often:

What are two examples of promising models for communities?

Trauma always manifests behaviorally

Bryant-Davis (2019) argues that cultural competency in trauma therapy requires:

In Chapter 8, Van Der Kolk (2014) emphasizes that emotional neglect: