According to Davison (1983), media bias is frequently perceived in situations where it is clearly absent or where it is present to a very limited extent.

For the following item, indicate whether a research question, a null hypothesis, directional hypothesis or non-directional hypothesis is being tested: What effects do alcohol education programs have on teenagers’ attitudes toward drinking and frequency of drinking?

True or False: Open-ended questions provide a greater uniformity of response categories than close-ended questions.

What type of question design issue does the following questionnaire item illustrate? How many days in the past week have you used Facebook? (a) 2-3 days, (b) 4-5 days, or (c) 7 days per week

Lippmann (1922) believes that people react to knowable truths that they share with perfect clarity and agreement with one another.

True or False: If a measure is not valid, it cannot be reliable.

According to Lowell (1914), majority rule always constitutes public opinion.

What type of question design problem does the following questionnaire item illustrate? Why did you choose to attend the University of Arizona? (a) weather, (b) financial aid, (c) reputation of the university, (d) family are alumni of UArizona, or (e)  course offerings.

Bem (1970) argues that attitudes follow behavior.

A study is conducted of the effects of a smoking cessation program on a group of adolescent smokers. A Survey of Smoking Habits is administered to the group before and after the six-week smoking cessation program to determine if there were changes in the adolescents’ frequency of smoking. These are options (pick one):