Igneous rocks at hot spots are formed by ________ extending deep into the Earth’s mantle.

Sedimentary basins that form on the continental side of mountain ranges are called _________ basins.

Of the ~4,000 known minerals, the vast majority ___________

Below is a photo of an outcrop where bedrock, unconsolidated sediments, and soil are all visible. Which of the three materials is youngest?Click to view larger image.

The pillow basalts in the photo below most likely formed ____________.

In the discontinuous series of Bowen’s reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is

The largest known volcanic eruption in the last million years occurred at ________.

How do volcanic eruptions affect global average temperatures on the Earth?

The constant motion of tectonic plates leads to convergent, divergent, and transform-plate boundaries. Which type of structure is shown in the figure below?Click to view larger image.

The image below shows an idealized soil profile divided up into soil horizons. Where in the horizon is extensive leaching found?Click to view larger image.