Shown in the image below are two neurons, A and B. The synap…

Shown in the image below are two neurons, A and B. The synapse between neuron A and B is excitatory. The yellow action potential in the image occurs in the post-synaptic neuron, B. At the time indicated by the red arrow an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron, A.  The action potential that occurs in the pre-synaptic neuron (A) at the time of the red arrow is:

Consider the data (shown in part below) from families with m…

Consider the data (shown in part below) from families with mutations in the FOXP2 gene that we discussed in class. In Family 2, there are two individuals with the exact same FOXP2 mutation, p.(Arg353*). These two individuals have different phenotypes. The mother has stuttering, but the index does not.    One reason why two individuals with the exact same mutation in the exact same gene might not show the exact same phenotype is because there may be another genetic variant (or variants) that influences the phenotype that is NOT shared between the index and the mother. This variant could either make the phenotype less severe in the index OR more severe in the mother. This would be an example of . Another reason why two individuals with the exact same mutation in the exact same gene might not show the exact same phenotype is because there may be environmental and/or lifestyle differences between the index and mother that are influencing the phenotype. .

Shown in the image below are two neurons, A and B. The synap…

Shown in the image below are two neurons, A and B. The synapse between neuron A and B is excitatory. The yellow action potential in the image occurs in the post-synaptic neuron, B. At the time indicated by the red arrow an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron, A.  The action potential that occurs in the pre-synaptic neuron (A) at the time of the red arrow is: