THIS IS A DUPLICATE TO QUES #2 / POINTS REMOVED SHORT ANSWER:  When going through the steps of the perception, the human brain wants to operate quickly and with efficiency.  E.T. Hall discusses this as an urge to avoid “Information Overload”.   Neuliep, your textbook author, also addresses the concept when he describes the effects of “Mental Economy”.   I recently encountered similar perspectives in a webinar that referenced a human need to  put things into categories.   They are all addressing the same phenomenon. Although this way of using the brain with hyper-efficiency may start out as a useful, economical function, there can be negative, unexpected consequences–especially in Intercultural Communication contexts.   What is one(1) such example of a negative impact due to this human tendency toward perceptual shortcuts?  Be specific & give a concrete example.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the curvature of tooth roots?

How do hydrogen bonds affect the amount of time it takes for water to heat up? A. Polar molecules have fewer hydrogen bonds which allows them to move quickly, causing them to slowly heat upB. Non-polar and polar molecules have the same amount of hydrogen bonds which causes them to slowly heat upC. Polar molecules have too many packed together which causes them to slowly heat upD. Polar molecules need hydrogen bonds to be broken up in order for them to heat up, which causes water to slowly heat upE. Non-polar molecules have hydrogen bonds that easily break up, which makes them heat up quickly compared to polar molecules

When using Carbonic Acid (H₂CO₃) as a buffer, what is the name of the conjugate base formed when dissociation occurs?A. NaOH / Sodium HydroxideB. HCO₃⁻ / BicarbonateC. CO₂ / Carbon DioxideD. CH₃COO⁻ / Acetate

______________ means the gradient of deep learning models during training is too small or too large (unstable) ; therefore, the deep learning model cannot learn more effectively. To mitigate this problem, we can use the ReLU function as an activation function, use gradient clipping to normalize it when the norm of the gradient is larger than the threshold, and add gate structures in the deep learning model to consider long-term dependency in the dataset.

Ref: https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course  Parallel computation is applicable for transformer model; therefore, it is easy to increase the size of the model with a larger corpus data. Language model (LM) and large language model (LLM) are mostly based on transformer model. LM is divided into three groups: encoder-only model, decoder-only model, and encoder-decoder model. For example, the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model can be used to generate embedding vectors from text data for text classification, because BERT is (1)__________________( a. encoder-only model, b. decoder-only model). For example, OpenAI’s ChatGPT is based on Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) 4 and 4.5. GPT models are more suitable for text generation in diverse tasks, because GPT is a (2)__________________( a. encoder-only model, b. decoder-only model).

Bonus question (5 points) An economist wants to study the effect of sentiment in online product reviews for wine on the stock price of the wine firm using generative AI, natural language processing (NLP), deep learning, and econometrics. Before starting the research project, the economist asks a generative AI about prior literature related to the topics in a table format as follows: Ref: OpenAI. ChatGPT 4 . https://chat.openai.com; this is the true example based on the result in 2024. However, there is no such research yet; therefore, the generative AI provides non-existent literature reviews. We call this type of problem (1)__________ (a. overfitting, b. copyright issue, c. privacy issue, d. hallucination, e. computational resource constraints; 3 points). In addition, the dataset for pre-training of LLMs often relies on web data. Biases in web data can influence Gen AI (2) ___________ (a. True b. False; 2 points). Ref: Zhao, W. X., Zhou, K., Li, J., Tang, T., Wang, X., Hou, Y., … & Wen, J. R. (2023). A survey of large language models. arXiv preprint

1. Which of the following is an intrusion symptom of PTSD?

Which chemical messengers allow neurons to communicate across synapses?

What does stress appraisal refer to in the stress process?