What is depolarization? Which ion is associated with depolarization? How and where does this ion move during depolarization? Bullet your answer please. No long lines.

Describe the processes of depolarization and repolarization. In each process, show which ions moves during the process and in which to direction does it move? How does the membrane’s voltage change in each of the depolarization and repolarization? Please bullet your answers. No long lines!

What is the primary function of the Circle of Willis?

What is a common indication for performing a lumbar laminectomy?

During a spinal fusion, what is commonly used as an autologous graft?

Select all of the following which are known functions of the neuroglial cells. 

What type of surgery involves the removal of a brain tumor through the nasal cavity?

What is the purpose of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt?

Which structure does the spinal cord pass through in each vertebral body?

Which surgical position is often used for posterior cervical decompression?