Upload your answers to these questions. Outline the steps necessary to convert the final odd-chain fatty acid β-oxidation fragment, propionyl-CoA, to succinyl-CoA. Include structures and names of substrates and products, enzyme type for each reaction, and necessary cofactors. Note: You do not need to draw out the absolute stereochemical configuration for each compound, but you must use the appropriate letter to denote the configuration. (5 pts.)  Identify the name of the enzyme in this pathway whose reaction has been shown to proceed via a radical intermediate? (1 pt.) 

Type the correct letter corresponding to answer options in the dropdown below. Molecule Name: Enzyme or Reaction Name:   Image Description The structure consists of a heterocyclic ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. Here’s a breakdown of its structure: Heterocyclic Ring: At the top of the molecule lies a heterocyclic five-membered ring. The top of the ring is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom to form a ketone. The next atom in the ring in both directions is a nitrogen, each with one hydrogen attached. The two bottom atoms in the ring are each carbon.  Tetrahydrothiophene Ring: Fused to the bottom of the heterocyclic ring is a second five-membered ring, a tetrahydrothiophene ring. This ring consists of four carbon atoms, with the lowest point in the pentagon being a sulfur heteroatom. The upper two carbons of the tetrahydrothiophene ring are the same carbons as the lower two carbons of the heterocyclic ring. Valeric Acid Side Chain: Attached to one of the side-carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring is a valeric acid side chain, which consists of a pentanoate, or a deprotonated pentanoic acid.    Answer Options Molecule Names Enzymes and Reactions A. acetyl-CoA K. acetyl-CoA carboxylase B. acyl carrier protein L. carnitine acetyltransferase  C. biotin M. citrate lyase  D. carnitine N. citrate synthase  E. cobalamin O. dehydrogenase F. coenzyme A P. fatty acid synthase G. GDP Q. fatty acyl CoA synthetase H. HMG-CoA R. hydratase I. NADPH S. isomerase  J. NADP+ T. methyl malonyl mutase U. propionyl-CoA carboxylase  V. pyruvate carboxylase  W. racemase  X. thiolase  

Upload your answers to these questions. In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate can be converted in a single step in the matrix of the mitochondria to an intermediate, which is not the final, but the penultimate (next to last) compound in glycolysis. Show this reaction. Draw the structure and give the name or names of the products of this reaction and give the names or acceptable abbreviations of any necessary cofactors or co-reactants for the reaction, as well as the name of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. (3 pts.) When cytosolic NADH is insufficient to run the GAP dehydrogenase reaction in reverse, oxaloacetate can also be converted to the same penultimate glycolysis intermediate in the cytosol instead of in the matrix. Outline the set of reactions in this case, beginning with oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix and ending with the formation of the penultimate glycolysis intermediate in the cytosol. Structures or names or acceptable abbreviations of compounds and cofactors are sufficient, but all substrates and cofactors must have either a structure or name given. (4 pts.)  Oxaloacetate connects to fatty acid biosynthesis via the reaction that forms the shuttle compound responsible for transferring fatty acid building blocks from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol. Draw out the reaction that synthesizes this shuttle compound. Draw the structure and name of the products of the reaction and give the names or acceptable abbreviations of any necessary cofactors or co-reactants for the reaction. (3 pts.) 

The average monthly rent for a one-bedroom apartment in Chicago was reported to be $1,800 in 2024. A researcher believes that the average rent has increased since then. To test this claim, a random sample of 35 one-bedroom apartments is taken, and the sample mean rent is found to be $1,850 with a standard deviation of $120.  Using a significance level of 0.05, is there enough evidence to conclude that the average rent for a one-bedroom apartment in Chicago has increased? Be sure to show the complete testing process (population, method, sample, results, conclusion). The test output is included in the Sample Step.

Based on the box plot from the previous question and the descriptive statistics below, which value would you report as the typical number of miles driven on 8/6/2025 for this sample of drivers?

Assuming all other factors are held constant, if the sample size increases, the…

Upload an image of your answers to this question. If you decided to use a PIPES buffer (piperazine-N,N’-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)) instead of the HEPES buffer as described in this procedure, how many moles of the protonated form of PIPES and how many moles of deprotonated form of PIPES would you have to add to 1.0 liter of water to prepare a 0.10 M PIPES buffer at pH 7.5?  Show your work for full or partial credit. The appropriate pKa is 6.76.  

A 90% confidence interval for the population mean number of miles driven by delivery drivers is calculated as (72.63, 87.37). Which of the following represents the point estimate for the population mean number of miles driven?

This figure shows the fraction or percent of myoglobin or hemoglobin O2 binding sites occupied on the y-axis as a function of O2 partial pressure shot on the x-axis. The middle Hb blue curve is for normal Hb. The right-hand red Hb curve reflects the shift in the bonding affinity of Hb in response to a drop in pH, whereas the left-hand green Hb curve reflects the change in response to an increase in pH.     Diagram citation Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain)  Image Description  Graph depicting hemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage against oxygen partial pressure (mmHg). Three curves represent different pH levels: green for pH 7.8 (alkalosis hypocapnia), blue for pH 7.4 (normal), and red for pH 7.0 (acidosis hypercapnia). The y-axis ranges from 0 to 100%, indicating hemoglobin oxygen saturation, while the x-axis ranges from 0 to 120 mmHg, indicating oxygen partial pressure. The curves show the relationship between oxygen binding and blood pH. Which of these curves shows the greatest affinity for O2? (1 pt.) Which one of the two shifted Hb curves, right or left, would result in the release of the most O2 to the cells, if the lung pO2 decreases from 100 torr to 60 torr and the pO2 of the tissues remains the same at 27 torr? Briefly justify your answer. (2 pts.)

In the procedure, the authors state that the purified protein was S-alkylated, meaning that a saturated carbon was attached to an S atom on the protein of interest before it is subjected to further purification by HPLC. Briefly explain why it is desirable to treat the reduced protein with iodoacetic acid (ICH2CO2H) before HPLC.