50-yo obese male with high blood pressure and 25-pack-year smoking history presents to your clinic complaining of severe burning in the feet for the past 6 months. Denies any recent injury or trauma. Denies any fevers, nausea, vomiting, chills or sweats. No improvement with OTC analgesics.  PE reveals a well-groomed, obese male with mild edema in the distal BLE. BLE ROM, strength and reflexes are all WNL. There is decreased sensation in the feet from light touch to hyperalgesia and sharp sensation in the feet. No evidence of erythema or open wounds. What is the likely source of this patient’s pain?

The vestibular motor pathway plays a crucial role in coordinating movement and balance. Which of the following structures is NOT a major component of this pathway?

Which of the following correctly describes the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) efferent pathway?

Which is used for describing the painful sensation from typically non-painful stimuli?

What does eye accommodation do?

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is correct?

The pupillary light reflex is a consensual reflex. What does this mean? Please chose the best answer.

An 8-yo girl is running around her backyard when she trips and hits her elbow on the ground. She immediately gets up crying and runs to her mother who instinctively starts to rub the elbow to console her daughter. Without even knowing it, mom is stimulating the A-beta fibers and reducing substance P, thus lowering the pain signal. What is this concept known as?

Upon entering the exam room, a patient is provided a visual analog scale to rate her pain. The medical assistant records the patient’s score of “8/10” and responds to the patient, “You don’t look like you are in that much pain. Are you sure this is correct?” The patient rolls her eyes and responds, “Can you please get the Doctor now?” The medical assistant tells the Doctor about the interaction, to which the doctor responds, “You have to remember, pain ____________”.

The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting: