The following is an excerpt from an article recently published in Trends in Biotechnology:While phototrophs derive their energy from light, which of the following derive their energy from the oxidation of chemical fuels?

Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as:

The vertebrate fatty acid synthase is a large homodimeric, multifunctional enzyme consisting of two polypeptides, each containing a series of catalytic domains located along the linear primary structure, as depicted in the figure below (a schematic of a single polypeptide is shown; each domain is depicted as a rectangle on the linear polypeptide). Polyketides (PK) and nonribosomal polypeptides (NRP) are two molecular families of natural products biosynthesized by many plants, bacteria, and fungi. Polyketides and nonribosomal peptides have received considerable attention because they typically demonstrate antimicrobial activity, making them attractive molecules for the development of novel antibiotics. The type I polyketide synthases are analogous to the vertebrate fatty acid synthases, in both the organization (topology) of the protein’s primary sequence and in terms of the catalytic mechanism/chemistries. A phosphopantetheinyl transferase (Ppan transferase) is required to activate a fatty acid synthase, polyketide synthase, and nonribosomal peptide synthase, by attachment of a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. The following are excerpts from a fairly recent publication: In enzymes such as fatty acid synthases, polyketide synthases, and nonribosomal peptide synthases, acyl groups (see below) are tethered to the phosphopantetheine arm’s sulfhydryl moiety via what type of linkage? 

The single letter abbreviation for the amino acid with the side chain –CH2-COO- is:

If the free energy change ΔG’o for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:

Question 1 You are presented with the following patient arterial blood gas (ABG) results: Analyte Value Reference Range pH 7.25 7.35 – 7.45 PaCO2 55.8 mmHg 35 – 45 mmHg PaO2 71 mmHg 75 – 100 mmHg HCO3- 28.1 mmol/L 22 – 26 mmol/L SO2 91% >96% Determine the primary acid-base disorder based on the given ABG values, providing a concise explanation of the biochemical mechanisms underlying these observations (30%). Explain the causes that could disrupt arterial blood gas levels and the disorders of acid/base status that can occur (40%). Explain and evaluate the biochemical testing methods used to perform arterial blood gas analysis (30%).

Question 3  A 35-year-old woman presents to the GP after feeling unwell for several months. She is experiencing worsening fatigue, weight gain and sensitivity to the cold. Based on the following thyroid function test results, identify the primary thyroid disorder present (10%), explain the biochemical mechanisms underlying this thyroid disorder (20%), and discuss the expected clinical symptoms that may be present in a patient with this thyroid disorder (10%). Evaluate the methods used to assess thyroid function including any additional tests you might perform to confirm a diagnosis (60%). TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): 8.5 mIU/L (Reference Range: 0.4 – 4.0 mIU/L)  Free T4 (Thyroxine): 0.7 ng/dL (Reference Range: 0.8 – 1.8 ng/dL)  Free T3 (Triiodothyronine): 1.9 pg/mL (Reference Range: 2.3 – 4.2 pg/mL)   

Question 5  A 27-year-old male is brought to A&E on a Saturday afternoon in an incoherent state. Laboratory data from this patient reveals a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.25%. Use this information and the patient’s serum data below to discuss the biochemical effects of alcohol toxicity (50%). Evaluate methods of analysis for alcohol toxicity and other drugs of abuse (50%). Sodium (Na+): 135 mEq/L (Reference Range: 135 – 145 mEq/L) Potassium (K+): 3.2 mEq/L (Reference Range: 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L) Chloride (Cl-): 95 mEq/L (Reference Range: 98 – 106 mEq/L) Bicarbonate (HCO3-): 18 mEq/L (Reference Range: 22 – 26 mEq/L) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): 180 IU/L (Reference Range: 5 – 40 IU/L) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): 200 IU/L (Reference Range: 7 – 56 IU/L) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): 8.1 mmol/L (Reference Range: 2.5 – 6.6 mmol/L) Creatinine: 1.8 mg/dL (Reference Range: 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dL) Blood glucose: 3.2 mmol/L (Reference Range: 3.9 – 5.6 mmol/L) Serum Osmolality: 326 mmol/Kg (Reference Range: 280 – 290 mmol/Kg)  

Which of the following correctly represents the change in Acetylcholine (ACh) levels when transferring between sleep stages and wake?

Open the attached file, select ONE of the two options, and write a response that addresses all parts of the prompt and strategically uses and appropriately credits some of the provided information. Title your exam with your GNumber and selected option: e.g. G00123456, Option 2 Linguistic Diversity. Do not include your name! Then compose your response in the exam question box. FYC Exemption Exam 24-25.pdf