Equalities (all values are approximate unless specified as exact) Length 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in) (Exact) 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet (ft) (Exact) 1 mile (mi) = 5,280 feet (ft) (Exact) Mass (Weight) 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz) (Exact) 1 ton (T) = 2,000 pounds (lb) (Exact) Volume 1 cup (c) = 8 fluid ounces (fl oz) (Exact) 1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c) (Exact) 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints (pt) (Exact) 1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts (qt) (Exact) Length 1 inch (in) = 2.54 centimeters (cm) (Exact 1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 meters (m) (Exact) 1 yard (yd) = 0.9144 meters (m) (Exact) 1 mile (mi) ≈ 1.6093 kilometers (km)  Mass 1 ounce (oz) ≈ 28.35 grams (g) 1 pound (lb) ≈ 0.4536 kilograms (kg) Pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 x 105 Pa 1 atm = 760 torr 1 atm = 760 mmHg 1 atm = 14.6959 psi Volume 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) ≈ 29.57 mL 1 quart (qt) ≈ 0.9464 L 1 gallon (gal) ≈ 3.785 L Temperature Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 (exact by definition) Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32 (exact by definition) Celsius to Kelvin:  K = °C +273.15 Fundamental Constants Avogadro’s Number (mole) ​= 6.022 × 1023 mol−1 Ideal Gas Constant (R): R = 0.08206 L⋅atm/mol⋅K     R=8.314 J/mol⋅K Planck’s Constant (h): h = 6.626 × 10−34 J⋅s Speed of Light (c): c = 2.99792458 × 108 m/s Faraday Constant (F): F= 96,485 C/mol e− Physical Equations Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT Energy of a Photon: E = hv Mass-Energy Equivalence: E = mc2 Electrochemical Charge: Q = nF

The Era of Good Feeling describes the ____________________________Democratic Republican-rule with few issues.  

______________________argued that the states could nullify unconstitutional legislation.

Why does Hamilton fund the national debt?  

What does ‘credentialism’ refer to in the context of education?

How did the federal government encourage settlement in the Old Northwest?

How does the cotton gin take hold in America?  

Problem 6 (22 points) Information Gain and Split PlansConsider the following data set for a binary class problem. Illustrate your work/math to calculate the classification error rate when splitting on A and B.Which attribute would the decision tree induction algorithm choose? The definition ofmisclassification error is:   (5 Points) The overall misclassification error before splitting: (5 Points) The gain in misclassification error after splitting on A: (5 Points) The gain in misclassification error after splitting on B: (3 Points) Which attribute would the decision tree choose: (4 Points) There are three impurity measurements: entropy, misclassification error, and Giniindex. Which one is the best for measuring impurity, and why?

What is the American System?  

Problem 5: (14 points) Clustering Algorithm Analysis1) (5 Points) Given a scenario, K-means cluster may NOT work very well (2 points).Explain why (3 points). 2) (5 Points) Given a scenario, DBSCAN algorithm could NOT work very well (2 points).Explain why (3 points). 3) (4 Points) How can we improve the random initialization of classic K-means algorithm?