A client on a strict diet notices a rich slice of chocolate…

A client on a strict diet notices a rich slice of chocolate cake sitting on the counter. Despite knowing their health goals, they feel a strong urge to eat the cake immediately. According to a clinician with a psychoanalytic orientation, which part of the personality is most responsible for this drive?

After Vladimir hits another child at school, he is placed in…

After Vladimir hits another child at school, he is placed in a time-out, away from the group. During thetime-out, no one interacts with him. After this happens a few more times, Vladimir starts to learn to control histemper and not hit other children. This is an example of behavior modification using: