While incarcerated, prison and jail inmates have reduced Fourth Amendment protection as compared to those of persons outside the institution.

If a suspect is taken into custody but not questioned, they still have a constitutional right to Miranda warnings.

Sham roadblocks have been held to be _____.

The Fourth Amendment applies to voluntary encounters.

Miranda warnings are not required when a person who is not in custody volunteers information.​

Terry stops are authorized only on probable cause.

DNA evidence was first admitted in U.S. Courts in criminal cases in the 1960s.

Federal law authorizes the use of “roving wiretaps” to cover suspects who use a series of different telephones.

Case 14.3 ​Officer Andretti pulls over a car that was driving 20 miles over the speed limit. After asking for license and registration from the driver, he smells the distinct odor of alcohol in the car. There is one person in the passenger seat and one in the back seat. Both of these young people appear to be minors. When he looks into the back of the car, Officer Andretti sees beer cans littering the backseat.  The officer asks the passenger and the person in the back seat to exit the vehicle. They stumble and have a hard time standing up. Both of them smell of alcohol and their identification cards show they are under the legal age to consume alcohol in the state. The driver is also under age to possess or drink alcohol in the state, though does not appear to be impaired. Officer Andretti informs the driver he is being detained under state law under suspicion of providing alcohol to minors. One of the other passengers, Caitlin, becomes belligerent and shoves Officer Andretti. Officer Andretti arrests Caitlin, telling the other cooperative occupants of the car to take a seat on the curb. After placing handcuffs on Caitlin, Officer Andretti frisks the young woman and finds that she has illegal drugs in her pocket. Officer Smith arrives at this point to provide assistance, taking the driver and other passenger to the police station for processing for the alcohol offenses. The car is on a busy street and the police have it towed to the impound lot. At the lot, the on-duty officer finds a loaded 45 caliber pistol in the trunk in violation of state law.The illegal weapon found in the vehicle is:

The two major types of DNA tests are PCR and RFLP.