Fill in the blanks to complete the RAA pathway. (Total 8 points; 1 point each)                       Organ:    Organ:                  Enzyme:    ACE                                                                                                   ↓                                                  ↓                                                        (a hormone) Angiotensinogen→→→  Organ secretes angiotensinogen:                                                                                              Organ secretes the last hormone:

List the steps of regulation of water in the nephrons.

What is the genotype of AB type of blood?

List two functions of cortisol.

Define Protanopia.

During hemorrhage: A) baroreceptors → B) sympathetic and C) parasympathetic} → D) venous vasoconstriction → E) venous return → F) atrial pressure → G) EDV Indicates increase or decrease from A) to G) A) B) C) D) E) F) G)  

During muscle contraction, what will happen to the light band?

Which spinal nerves do the patellar reflex function through?

Describe isovolumetric ventricular contraction in five steps.

One of you has smoked cigarettes for years and is having breathing difficulties. He/She has been diagnosed with emphysema. Describe specific kinds of structural changes you would expect to observe in this student (2 points). How are air flow (2 points) and gas exchange (2 points) affected by these structural changes?