Which of the following is an example of an outcome?

Alphonse is determining the effectiveness of a differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedure on decreasing his client’s tantrums. For every 10 minutes in which his client does not engage in tantrum behavior, they earn tokens. The amount of tokens varies based on the activity they are engaged in because the client appears to dislike some activities more than others. A week into implementing his DRO procedure, the client comes down with a cold. Despite this, Alphonse still sees an immediate decrease in tantrums and an increase in independent requests to take a break from his client. Which of the following is most likely to be an extraneous variable in this scenario?

Van, a BCBA, provides consulting services for a musician to help her improve her chord accuracy when playing the guitar. Van uses a handheld clicker to measure the number of times the musician presses incorrect chords. He then uses a shaping procedure to determine its effect on the number of times the musician presses incorrect chords. The musician suspects the new strings that she recently added to her guitar are responsible for the change in her performance. However, Van believes the handheld clicker he has been using is not counting all of the times he presses the device and could be affecting the count. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this scenario?

Tetske wants to monitor an employee’s off-task behavior. More specifically, Tetske is interested in the time the employee spends scrolling on their phone after their lunch break. Tetske starts a stopwatch when the employee first pulls out their phone and stops timing when the employee puts their phone away and gets back to work. Which continuous recording method did Tetske use?

Jerquan, a BCBA, decides to withhold attention from their client when the client engages in tantrums at the client’s grandmother’s house. They want to identify if withholding attention will reduce the rate of tantrums. Which type of analysis is Jerquan conducting?

Paulie owns an arcade. She is interested in whether her customers regularly use all 10 machines at the same time. Due to her other duties in the shop, she is unable to continuously observe her customers using the machines throughout the day. Given this, which of the following recording methods would be best for Paulie to use?

Delaney, a BCBA, provides consulting services for a college football team. The team has just started their season, and the players are breaking in their new shoes and equipment. Delaney implements a coaching intervention to improve catches. During games, Delaney records the number of correct catches by following the calls from the referee. However, there were three instances during a game when the referee was looking in a different direction and missed three correct catches. Which part of this scenario is an example of instrumentation threatening internal validity?

A physical therapist records how many times her client lifts a weight between 7:00 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. The physical therapist then divides the total number of lifts by 30 to find the number of times her client lifted a weight per minute. Which continuous recording method did the therapist use?

A BCBA is working with a client who engages in high rates of verbal aggression in the form of name-calling. The BCBA wants to compare a response cost procedure with a time-out procedure to determine which is more effective at decreasing his client’s name-calling behavior. This is an example of which type of analysis?

Frans, a BCBA, is working with his client, Megan, on reducing her verbal aggression. He implements a differential reinforcement for other behavior (DRO) procedure and measures its effectiveness in reducing Megan’s total count per week of verbal aggression. Frans delivers Megan’s preferred foods, such as peanuts and hard candy, each time Megan does not engage in verbal aggression for 30 minutes. During one of the weeks that Julie runs the DRO procedure, Megan visits the clinic and has a severe toothache. During another week, Megan’s grandmother, who always sneaks her pieces of candy when no one is looking, comes to visit from out of town and stays with her family at their house for a few days. Which of the following is the independent variable in this scenario?