In a lapped splice, the force in one bar is transferred to the concrete which transfers to the adjacent bar. This causes radially outward pressure on the concrete and possibly splitting cracks.

When large amounts of steel are to be used, they can be bundled together. This increases the required development length of each bar.

Which symbol represents the transverse reinforcement index?

Cracks that extend upward as high as the neutral axis and sometimes into the compression zone are likely _______ cracks.

Once a splitting crack develops, bond strength rapidly increases unless there is reinforcement designed to restrain opening of the crack.

Determine the bar-spacing factor, cb, for a simply supported rectangular beam with b = 24 in. and No. 3 stirrups. This beam has three No. 7 bars as longitudinal reinforcement. The clear cover is 1.5 in.

Determine the transverse reinforcement index, Ktr, for a rectangular beam with b = 18 in. and d = 24 in., five galvanized No. 7 Grade 60 tension-reinforcement bars placed in the top of the beam, and No. 3 Grade 40 stirrups located every 8 in. along the span. Assume 4,000-psi lightweight concrete and a clear cover of 1.5 in.

If the bond between concrete and steel in a beam disappears, the steel will pull out of the concrete and cause the beam to fail.

Determine the epoxy modification factor, ψe, for a rectangular beam with b = 16 in. and d = 20 in., five uncoated No. 6 Grade 60 tension-reinforcement bars placed in the bottom of the beam, and No. 4 Grade 60 stirrups located every 6 in. along the span. Assume 6,000-psi lightweight concrete and a clear cover of 1.5 in.

Hooks are used to provide additional anchorage when there is insufficient _______ available to develop a bar.