What type of elements are required in very small quantities by organisms?  One example is the 0.004% of iron required by humans. 

In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine? 

A lipid made of two fatty acids, one glycerol and a phosphate group is a _________. 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #6: According to course materials only, list and briefly explain the different types of effector T cells discussed in class. (6pts) NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.  

Lab question: Microbiologists and other scientists use oil immersion because ____.   

Choose the best description for each given class of antibody. 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #2: According to course materials only, list and explain Koch’s four postulates, then provide two examples of scenarios discussed in class (bacterial or viral) by which Koch’s postulates do not apply. (6pts) NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.  

Choose the best description for each term. 

From the list of structures below, select the molecule most likely to have immunogenicity.   

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION #1: According to course materials only, explain the major difference between entry (penetrance) of bacteriophage and entry (penetrance) of animal virus into host cell. (2pts) NOTE: When writing your short answer response, I am not looking for what Google or Chat GPT (or other generative AI programs) provides you as an answer to this question. Only responses derived from course materials shall be accepted.