Many people who get a massage after physical exertion report…

Many people who get a massage after physical exertion report a faster recovery.  One theory is that the massage helps heal muscle micro-tears, leading to faster recovery.  Which of the following alternative theories should be taken into consideration most seriously when evaluating this claim? 

Put the argument in the following passage in standard form. …

Put the argument in the following passage in standard form.  Then, propose a plausible alternative explanation, and applying the criteria of adequacy evaluate the argument.  You do not need to comment on each of the criteria of adequacy, just focus on one or two of the criteria that are most relevant for preferring one theory over the other:  What is the greatest influence on the course of human history, its social and cultural development? Some say it’s powerful ideas like socialism, democracy, human dignity, and scientific method. Some say it’s the social movements that embody and promote these ideas. But the greatest influences are wrought by great leaders, who are not necessarily great thinkers. Throughout history, every time a great leader appeared—Moses, Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon, and the like—the world was irrevocably changed regardless of what ideas or social movements were in existence.