Short Essay — 14 pts each Choose TWO of the below and answ…

Short Essay — 14 pts each Choose TWO of the below and answer them in essay form in the space provided below. A. The Late Middle Ages saw the emergence of the new European kingdoms of England, France, and Spain. Describe how power was held in both England and France–was it more centralized or shared in each? Why or why not? What was happening in Spain at this time that made its development in this regard drastically different?  B. Geography played a key role in the emergence of the early civilizations (think rivers). Explain its importance and site specific civilizations in your explanation. What kinds of government emerged in these civilizations and why? Geographically, how and why did Greece develop differently? C.  Discuss three of the most significant individuals involved in the rise of Protestantism during the Reformation — one each from Germany, Switzerland (Geneva), and England.  What did each believe? How were their beliefs different from one other?         

One view of modern international organizations (IOs) is that…

One view of modern international organizations (IOs) is that they are “agents” of state“principals,” and that the most powerful principals often shape IO rules and exertdisproportionate influence during extraordinary events. Although this view leaves some room forindependent agency among IOs, it views state members as vital actors that shape the scope ofmany IOs’ activities. An alternative view sees IOs as capable of developing considerableautonomy from states and argues that IO bureaucrats play an under-recognized role in the designand functioning of these organizations. According to this view, the background of keybureaucrats along with the development of organizational culture explains considerable variationin IO activity. Which of these perspectives do you think is more accurate? Can they bereconciled? Draw on literature and examples to support your answer.