A 47-year-old woman with no significant past medical history, is sent to the Emergency Department for complaints of feeling “weak and dizzy.”  She states that she was feeling well up until about an hour ago, when she began to feel as if she were going to “pass out.” Her husband accompanied her to the hospital and stated that she appeared nervous, confused, and was tremulous. When he asked her what was wrong, she did not seem to understand him. However, she did not appear to have lost consciousness.  Upon arrival in the Emergency Department, she was found on examination to have tachycardia and generalized weakness. She was conscious, but slightly disoriented. She was afebrile. Her laboratory tests were normal with the exception of a blood glucose level of 47 mg/dL. The patient received treatment with 50% dextrose and improved immediately.  Based on this information, what is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?

A 65-year-old male is noted by his family to have developed a short shuffling gait and difficulty getting up from a seated position.  On physical examination, you note a resting tremor and rigidity of the joints with passive range of motion.  Based on these findings, which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?

 A 22-year-old female presents with urinary frequency. Her BMI is 41. A urinalysis is positive for glucose. Her random blood sugar is 257 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c is 8.5%, and C-peptide is 1.5 ng/mL. She is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes; diet and exercise are recommended. What is the drug of choice for managing her diabetes?

A 72-year-old woman with a past medical history of diabetes and obesity presents to the clinic with joint pain. She has severe pain in both of her knees for which she has been taking ibuprofen daily. Her temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 177/109 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for the finding in the image (see below). Radiography of the knee shows narrowing of the joint space. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 70-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for evaluation of headache. She states that she has had headaches intermittently over the last several days over her right temple and jaw. She states that her pain is worse when chewing food. She also reports that she has been seeing “black spots” in her visual fields over the last few days intermittently. She has a history of hypertension, polymyalgia rheumatica and atrial fibrillation. Her temperature is 100.4°F (38.0°C), pulse is 80, blood pressure is 135/80 mmHg, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, there is tenderness to palpation over the right temple and anterior scalp. No focal neurologic deficits are appreciated. ESR is 120 mm/hr. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

The medical term “hepatitis” refers to:

The prefix in the term “hyperventilation” means which of the following terms below.

What does the term “intercostal” mean?

A Carnot engine operates between a high temperature reservoir at K and a river with water at K. If it absorbs  J of heat each cycle, how much work per cycle does it perform in joules? Enter only a numerical value (3 sig. fig) without units.

A container is filled with a mixture of helium (light molecules) and oxygen (heavy molecules) gases. A thermometer in the mixture gas reads 22°C. Which gas molecules have the greater average speed?