Consider the following example of inductive reasoning: In September 2019, each student in Mrs. Newsome’s first grade class (Hank James Elementary in Woolett, Massachusetts) was given three 2 oz. scoops of ice cream: one vanilla, one chocolate, and one bubble-gum tutti frutti.  2 of the 26 students preferred chocolate, 4 preferred vanilla, and 20 preferred bubble-gum tutti frutti.  Researchers concluded that, with respect to ice cream flavors, American children prefer bubble gum tutti frutti to chocolate or vanilla. Consider the following modification of the argument, and indicate if it strengthens the argument (makes it more likely that the conclusion is true), weakens the argument (makes this less likely), or has no effect.  Then explain why you think this is so: The pink dye in the bubble gum tutti frutti ice cream is a substance known to the state of California to cause cancer.

  Consider the following example of inductive reasoning: In September 2019, each student in Mrs. Newsome’s first grade class (Hank James Elementary in Woolett, Massachusetts) was given three 2 oz. scoops of ice cream: one vanilla, one chocolate, and one bubble-gum tutti frutti.  2 of the 26 students preferred chocolate, 4 preferred vanilla, and 20 preferred bubble-gum tutti frutti.  Researchers concluded that, with respect to ice cream flavors, American children prefer bubble gum tutti frutti to chocolate or vanilla. Consider the following modification of the argument, and indicate if it strengthens the argument (makes it more likely that the conclusion is true), weakens the argument (makes this less likely), or has no effect.  Then explain why you think this is so: Only 13 students were tested, but each received 4 oz. scoops of each flavor.  1 preferred chocolate, 2 preferred vanilla, and 10 preferred bubble gum tutti frutti.

Consider the following example of inductive reasoning: In September 2019, each student in Mrs. Newsome’s first grade class (Hank James Elementary in Woolett, Massachusetts) was given three 2 oz. scoops of ice cream: one vanilla, one chocolate, and one bubble-gum tutti frutti.  2 of the 26 students preferred chocolate, 4 preferred vanilla, and 20 preferred bubble-gum tutti frutti.  Researchers concluded that, with respect to ice cream flavors, American children prefer bubble gum tutti frutti to chocolate or vanilla. Consider the following modification of the argument, and indicate if it strengthens the argument (makes it more likely that the conclusion is true), weakens the argument (makes this less likely), or has no effect.  Then explain why you think this is so: The students reported their preferences by circling the color of the ice cream they liked best on a secret ballot. Answer

Complete the following argument by analogy in a plausible way by adding a comparison case and some known similarities.  Then indicate what seems to you the most significant relevant dissimilarity between the new case and the comparison case. new case:  High-speed internet service inferred similarity:  should be made available to all citizens at public expense.

Complete the following argument by analogy in a plausible way by adding a comparison case and some known similarities.  Then indicate what seems to you the most significant relevant dissimilarity between the new case and the comparison case. new case:  Wearing cloth face masks in indoor public spaces during a viral respiratory pandemic inferred similarity:  should be required by law.

Consider the following example of inductive reasoning: In September 2019, each student in Mrs. Newsome’s first grade class (Hank James Elementary in Woolett, Massachusetts) was given three 2 oz. scoops of ice cream: one vanilla, one chocolate, and one bubble-gum tutti frutti.  2 of the 26 students preferred chocolate, 4 preferred vanilla, and 20 preferred bubble-gum tutti frutti.  Researchers concluded that, with respect to ice cream flavors, American children prefer bubble gum tutti frutti to chocolate or vanilla. Consider the following modification of the argument, and indicate if it strengthens the argument (makes it more likely that the conclusion is true), weakens the argument (makes this less likely), or has no effect.  Then explain why you think this is so: It was concluded that five times as many American children prefer bubble gum tutti frutti to vanilla, and twice as many prefer vanilla to chocolate.

For the following argument: Select symbols and be sure to define them accurately.  Put the argument into standard form as a hypothetical or disjunctive syllogism.  Identify the form (e.g., “affirming the necessary condition,” or “denying the disjunct”).  Determine whether it is valid or invalid.  If the argument has a missing premise or conclusion, complete the argument to make it come out valid, putting the added proposition in square brackets.  If you’ve made it this far in the course, then you must be serious about logic.  And you can’t be serious about logic unless you love it.  It follows then (or does it?) that you’ve got to love logic if you’ve made it this far.

For the following argument: Select symbols and be sure to define them accurately.  Put the argument into standard form as a hypothetical or disjunctive syllogism.  Identify the form (e.g., “affirming the necessary condition,” or “denying the disjunct”).  Determine whether it is valid or invalid.  If the argument has a missing premise or conclusion, complete the argument to make it come out valid, putting the added proposition in square brackets.  If someone had been snooping around here last night, there’d be footprints, right?  Well, those are clearly footprints.  So someone must have been snooping around here last night.

For the following sentence, symbolize the subject and predicate classes, explaining what each letter stands for, rewrite the proposition in standard categorical form, and indicate any distributed terms with asterisks: Only people who are at least 18 years old can vote in the election

Consider the following argument: I thought I was allergic to cats, but twice this week I handled cats without developing a rash.  So my rashes must have been caused by something else. Now consider this claim: I handled cats this week without developing a rash. Indicate two things: Is the claim an unsupported premise, a supported premise, the argument’s conclusion, or neither a premise nor a conclusion (NPNC)? And is the claim being made explicitly, implicitly, or is it neither stated nor assumed (NSNA)?