Mechanical allodynia is best explained by:

Knocking down vesicular glutamate transporters in the dorsal horn revealed the nature of Aβ connections to nociceptive projection neurons. 

Which ion transporter is downregulated in dorsal horn neurons during chronic pain states?

sensitization involves reduced activation thresholds of nociceptors.

The early, frequency-dependent summation of C-fiber input that contributes to central sensitization is called .

Which of the following does not affect price elasticity of demand?

The competitive market equilibrium is at point C. If a per unit excise tax is imposed on the production of this good, who bears the tax burden?

Many environmentalists are horrified by the notion of marketable pollution permits advocated by economists. These environmentalists insist that pollution is wrong, and that no one should be able to buy the right to pollute the environment. What do you think? Can moral suasion be used instead? Explain.  

The competitive market equilibrium is at point C. If a per unit excise tax is imposed on the production of this good, the new equilibrium is …

Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by: OA.    the respiratory route OB.    vectors OC.    fomites OD.    fecal/oral route XE.    several routes (e.g. in blood products, IV drug use, sexually, etc)