Page 9: 41. When the action potential reaches the terminal cistern via a T-tubule 42. The sarcolemma is the 43. Ho does the motor end plate differ from the rest of the sarcolemma? 44. The thickening of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are part of the triad are known as 45. An extension of the endomysium, perimysium and epimysium that connects a muscle to bone is known as

Page 4: 16. Cell-cell junctions that attach the cytoskeleton of a cell to the extracellular matrix are called what? They consist of intermediate filaments attached to a plaque attached to transmembrane integrins attached to some sort of extracellular protein fiber (typically collagen) 17. The type of tissue that is both electrically excitable and has the ability to contract generating a force is a 18. Connective Tissues are classified based on 19. The basement membrane is typically found where? 20. What is the function of microvilli?  

Page 8: 36. Which layer of the integument is the deepest and not technically part of the skin 37. The type of tissue found in the reticular region of the dermis is 38. The layer of the epidermis is the most superficial is the 39. Which cell type are immune cells that surveil the epidermis for pathogens? 40. Which of the following structures light touch?

Page 7: 31. The endomysium surrounds 32. The area of the sarcomere where there are only thick filaments is the 33. The protein in the thin filaments that blocks the myosin binding site on actin is called 34. Which of the following proteins has ATPase activity (can hydrolyze ATP to use energy)? 35. During contraction, Ca++ concentration increases

Page 7: 31. The perimysium surrounds 32. The area of the sarcomere where there are only thin filaments is the 33. The protein in the thin filaments that is capable of binding calcium is 34. Which of the following proteins has ATPase activity (can hydrolyze ATP to use energy)? 35. During contraction, Ca++ concentration increases

Page 2: 6. The thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity is the 7. The central portion of a long bone is called the 8. Endochondral ossification refers to 9. During endochondral ossification, which of the following describes formation of the primary ossification center? 10. Secretion of which hormone would inhibit the activity of osteoclasts?

Page 6: 26. Hinge joints are synovial joints capable of 27. A bundle of dense connective tissue that joints bone to bone and is found inside the articular capsule is 28. A oval plate of fibrocartilage present in joints which separate synovial cavities to allow different types of motion or allow the articulating bones to better fit together is a(n) 29. When looking up from the anatomical position, the neck undergoes 30. The connective tissue surrounding a fascicle of muscle fibers

Page 2: Consider the following description of a feedback loop: After a meal that includes large numbers of carbohydrates, the body breaks down these carbohydrates primarily into glucose which is absorbed into the blood. This increases blood glucose concentration. Cells in the pancreatic islets known as Beta cells detect this increase in glucose concentration. The exact mechanism for this detection is complicated, but basically increased glucose concentration increases the ratio of ATP/ADP which ultimately increases calcium concentration in the beta cell. High calcium concentration leads to the secretion of insulin via exocytosis. Insulin travels through the blood to the liver. Insulin causes the liver to increase permeability of the liver cells to glucose and also triggers the synthesis of glycogen, which requires glucose. The net effect is a decrease in glucose concentration. 6. What is the effector in the above example 7. The above example is an example of a 8. Which of the following describes the Anatomical Position Position? 9. Which Cavity contains the urinary bladder 10. Which Cavity contains the Heart

Free Response 1: List the steps in the contraction cycle (in order) and explain what happens in each. The explanation counts more than simply listing the step (12pts).

Page 3: 11. In adult, what is most likely to be found in the medullary cavity of a long bone? 12. stimulation of osteoclasts would 13. In response to high blood calcium, the body releases 14. In which area of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes enlarging and producing alkaline phosphate 15. Which structure would you find in compact bone, but not spongy bone?