Federal law authorizes the use of “roving wiretaps” to cover suspects who use a series of different telephones.

Case 14.3 ​Officer Andretti pulls over a car that was driving 20 miles over the speed limit. After asking for license and registration from the driver, he smells the distinct odor of alcohol in the car. There is one person in the passenger seat and one in the back seat. Both of these young people appear to be minors. When he looks into the back of the car, Officer Andretti sees beer cans littering the backseat.  The officer asks the passenger and the person in the back seat to exit the vehicle. They stumble and have a hard time standing up. Both of them smell of alcohol and their identification cards show they are under the legal age to consume alcohol in the state. The driver is also under age to possess or drink alcohol in the state, though does not appear to be impaired. Officer Andretti informs the driver he is being detained under state law under suspicion of providing alcohol to minors. One of the other passengers, Caitlin, becomes belligerent and shoves Officer Andretti. Officer Andretti arrests Caitlin, telling the other cooperative occupants of the car to take a seat on the curb. After placing handcuffs on Caitlin, Officer Andretti frisks the young woman and finds that she has illegal drugs in her pocket. Officer Smith arrives at this point to provide assistance, taking the driver and other passenger to the police station for processing for the alcohol offenses. The car is on a busy street and the police have it towed to the impound lot. At the lot, the on-duty officer finds a loaded 45 caliber pistol in the trunk in violation of state law.The illegal weapon found in the vehicle is:

The two major types of DNA tests are PCR and RFLP.

At a minimum, an arrest requires _____.

The automobile exception to the warrant requirement requires, at a minimum, _____.

The broadcast portion of cell phone conversations is not covered by federal law.

Requiring convicted felons to give blood samples for DNA databases violates the Fourth Amendment.​

The Frye test was criticized for being both too broad and too narrow.

In 1993, in Daubert v. _____ , the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the Frye test for federal courts.​

For many years prior to 1993, federal courts utilized the _____ test for the admissibility of scientific evidence.