Achondroplasia is the most common, lethal form of skeletal dysplasia that presents with short, curved femurs and a severe cloverleaf skull.

A 22-year-old woman presents with primary amenorrhea and cyclic pelvic pain. Physical exam reveals a shortened vagina and no visible cervix. Imaging confirms a hypoplastic uterus and obstructed vaginal canal. On further history, the patient reports that her mother took a nonsteroidal estrogen during early pregnancy. Which of the following medications is most likely responsible for this patient’s congenital anomaly?

A 45-year-old man presents with vertical diplopia that worsens when going downstairs. On examination, the right eye is elevated in adduction, and he tilts his head to the left to compensate. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected, and what are its name, number, function, and exit foramen?

A 6-month-old infant presents with an abnormally elongated and narrow skull. On exam, the anterior fontanelle is closed, and there is a palpable ridge along the midline of the skull. CT confirms early fusion of a midline calvarial suture. Which suture is prematurely fused, and which bones are involved?

Identify the brain structure/region label with the number 3 in the image below:  

A 5-year-old boy presents with colicky abdominal pain, bilious vomiting, and distension. Abdominal X-ray reveals air-fluid levels consistent with small bowel obstruction. At surgery, a fibrous band is found connecting the ileum to the umbilicus, with a blind-ending pouch along the antimesenteric border. Which embryologic structure failed to involute?

A 28-year-old G1P0 woman delivers a 29-week male infant via emergency cesarean section for placental abruption. She did not receive antenatal corticosteroids, and there was no evidence of infection or congenital anomalies. Within minutes, the neonate develops tachypnea, nasal flaring, intercostal retractions, and grunting. Chest X-ray shows a reticulogranular pattern with air bronchograms. Which of the following best explains the infant’s high risk for developing RDS?

A 3-year-old boy presents with urinary obstruction and hematuria. Cystoscopy reveals a bulging intraluminal mass arising from the bladder wall. The mass is excised and described grossly as soft, tan-pink, and myxoid, with focal hemorrhage. Which of the following tumors is most consistent with this presentation?

Order: 1500 mL of D5½NS to infuse over 10 hours. What is the IV flow rate in mL/hr? (Round to the nearest whole number.)

Acetaminophen 240 mg is ordered for a child weighing 18 kg every 4 hours PRN for fever. The recommended dose is 10–15 mg/kg/dose. Recommended minimum single dose for this child: mg/dose Recommended maximum single dose for this child: mg/dose Is the ordered dosage safe?