A person hemorrhages 1.5 L of blood and is seen in an emergency room 2 hours later. He is conscious and his arterial blood pressure is 95/60 mmHg (his normal is 120/80). Assuming that no replacement fluids have been given, which of the following parameters would you expect to be decreased compared to his normal condition?

Intestinal Barrier “Leaky Gut”: Conditions like Crohn’s disease or sepsis can cause “leaky gut.” Which cellular structure is most likely impaired in a leaky gut, permitting pathogens and toxins to cross the gut lining?

GI Pacemaker Cells: An electrogastrogram shows abnormally slow basal electrical rhythm (BER, slow waves) in a patient’s stomach. Which cells serve as the pacemaker for these slow waves?

Thermic Effect of Food: Which macronutrient requires all three phases of digestion (cephalic, gastric, intestinal) for full absorption and has the highest thermic effect of food (energy used in digestion)?

Gallbladder Function: What is a primary function of the gallbladder in digestion?

Fructose Transporter: What transporter on the intestinal brush border is responsible for absorbing fructose from the lumen?

What will methanol poisoning do to arterial pH and the anion gap?     Arterial pH Anion Gap A é é B é ê C ê é D. ê ê

This biochemical pathway produces white, light grey or dark grey cats. A. What genetic interaction is shown? (10p) B. What would be the genotype of a true-breeding dark grey cat? (10p) C. What phenotypic ratio would you expect to see from an AaBb x AaBb cross? Include the information of genotypes and phenotypes. (20p) (For example: White (A_B_):  Light Grey (A_bb and aabb) = 3:1) D. From the progeny of the dihybrid cross in question C, you randomly pick one white male and one dark grey female to mate. What is the probability of getting a light grey kitten? (10p)

In Drosophila, males from a true-breeding stock with rosy eyes is mated to females from a true-breeding stock with ebony body color. (Wild-type flies are normally red eyed and brown bodied.) In the F1 generation, all the females are red eyed and brown bodied, and all the males are red eyed and ebony bodied. When the F1s are mated together, the 1000 F2 progeny are as follows: Progeny # F2 Phenotype 202 Red-eyed, brown-bodied females 198 Red-eyed, ebony-bodied females 120 Red-eyed, ebony bodied males 130 Rosy-eyed, brown-bodied males 80 Rosy-eyed, ebony bodied males 70 Red-eyed, brown-bodied males A. Write down the genotypes of P, F1 and F2 and diagram the crosses. Define your symbols (for example, R or r for rosy eyes; E or e for ebony body color) and chromosomes. (30p) B. Is there statistical evidence that the rosy eyes and ebony genes are linked? Apply proper test and discuss the result. (20p)

In which of the following ways are capital and labor similar in international political economy?