Henry’s mother always praises him when he practices the piano and denies him dessert when he doesn’t. Henry’s mother is apparently employing techniques based on ____ in order to encourage her son to practice more.​

​Richard is a piano major and enters two music competitions in the same month. He places first in one of the competitions, but doesn’t place at all in the other. If Richard is like most people, he will probably ____.

​When findings from a study are likely to generalize to other people and other settings, the study is said to have ____.

One study found that physicians who were given candy were faster and more accurate in diagnosing a case study than physicians who weren’t given candy. Additional research suggests that these results can best be explained by the idea that ____.​

Compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem tend to think that they are ____.​

​Chuck is a middle-aged white man who is extremely liberal politically, and firm in his belief that all ethnic and racial groups should be given equal opportunities to succeed. Even so, Chuck never had friends who were minorities when he was growing up, and he sometimes feels uncomfortable interacting with minorities. Chuck is most likely ____.

In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate (“Elaine”) receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate (similar group), or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate (dissimilar group). After the first two trials had been completed, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate—she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that, in the dissimilar group, ____ agreed to switch places.​

​Research on positive illusions and goal-setting indicates that ____.

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things—by direct experience and by observing others.​

​Jennifer is a student at UCLA. When asked to describe the average UCLA student, she says it is almost impossible to do so because “there are so many different kinds of people at UCLA; the diversity is really amazing.” By contrast, when asked to describe the average USC student, Jennifer says: “That’s easy; they’re all almost exactly the same.” Social psychologists would say that Jennifer is displaying what is known as the ____.