The following table reflects the results of a study by Roedi…

The following table reflects the results of a study by Roediger and Karpicke (2006). The authors investigated whether the test-enhanced learning effect (the demonstration that repeated testing improves memory for material) was due merely to repeated exposure to the material. They randomly assigned participants to one of two study conditions (study–study or study–test) and to one of three retention interval conditions (final test at a delay of 5 minutes, 2 days, or 1 week). The dependent variable was the proportion of idea units recalled from an encyclopedia passage.Table: Test-Enhanced Learning   5 minutes 2 days 1 week Mean Study–study 0.80 0.55 0.42 0.59 Study–test 0.75 0.70 0.55 0.67 Mean 0.78 0.63 0.49     Reference: Ref 14-1 (Table: Test-Enhanced Learning) Based on the cells of this study, which effects appear to be present?

The following figure reflects the results of a hypothetical…

The following figure reflects the results of a hypothetical study examining levels of “Geekiness” in male and female participants who watched either one or five hours of Star Wars related TV shows on the Disney streaming service. Level of “Geekiness” was assessed after viewing with a short questionnaire.Figure: Star Wars programming and Gender Reference: Ref 14-18 (Figure: Star Wars programming and Gender) Based on the figure, which effects appear to be present?