Who developed the Irish mark system in which incarcerated people could earn early release?

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in courts altering their operations in significantly in 2020 and was largely responsible for what percentage of decline in prisoners under state and federal correctional authority, compared to 2019?

A criticism of federal sentencing guidelines is: 

Which view on inmate rights maintains that prisons are places of punishment, but that they should not be punishing?

Which ethnicity of individuals are held in local jails at the highest rate of any racial group?

Fines are more frequently used in criminal cases involving:

What two private prison companies house the most inmates in the United States?

Women comprise what proportion of all jail employees?

Fourth-generation jails comply with the Prison Rape Elimination Act in that they establish a zero-tolerance standard for the incidence of what type of misconduct in U.S. prisons?

Approximately how many states have either built supermax prisons or added high-security units to existing facilities in order to contain problem prisoners?