A 72-year-old woman presents with progressive fatigue, nausea, and pruritus. Labs: GFR 25 mL/min (normal >90 mL/min), creatinine 3.2 mg/dL (normal 0.6–1.2 mg/dL), hemoglobin 9.8 g/dL (normal 12–16 g/dL). Which process explains her illness?

difference between potential and actual pressure.

A 29-year-old man presents with scrotal pain after lifting heavy objects. Exam reveals dilated veins that worsen with standing. Which process explains his condition?

A 3-year-old girl is brought to clinic with abdominal mass discovered by her mother. Ultrasound reveals a large unilateral renal tumor. Which process explains this childhood cancer?

A 7-year-old boy presents with short stature, delayed bone age, and poor growth velocity. Labs: GH stimulation test shows low growth hormone levels. Which process explains his growth failure?

A 66-year-old man presents with chest pain, weight loss, and early satiety. Endoscopy reveals an ulcerated mass in the stomach. Biopsy shows malignant cells. Which process explains his disease?

A 41-year-old woman presents with infertility and severe dysmenorrhea. Pelvic ultrasound reveals ectopic endometrial tissue on the ovaries. Which process explains her condition?

A 45-year-old woman presents with left-sided facial paralysis after a viral prodrome. Exam shows inability to close her left eye or wrinkle the forehead. Which process explains her acute condition?

A 58-year-old man presents with flank pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass with invasion into the renal vein. Which process explains his condition?

A 55-year-old man presents with progressive hearing loss in both ears. He denies pain. Audiogram shows symmetric high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Which process explains his condition?