(04.05 MC)Question refers to the excerpt below.”In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended under the same government. This view of the subject must particularly recommend a proper federal system to all the sincere and considerate friends of republican government, since it shows that in exact proportion as the territory of the Union may be formed into more circumscribed Confederacies, or States oppressive combinations of a majority will be facilitated: the best security, under the republican forms, for the rights of every class of citizens, will be diminished: and consequently the stability and independence of some member of the government, the only other security, must be proportionately increased. Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit.”Source: James Madison, Federalist No. 51, 1788Which of the following later developments was influenced by the ideas in the excerpt?

(03.02 LC)Why did the pamphlet Common Sense have such a powerful impact on the American colonists?

(01.03 MC)Question refers to the excerpt below.”Almost every year, from 1581 onward, the mariners of the Netherlands strove, by east and by west, to pass the barrier that America interposed between them and the Eastern trade they coveted…They would not be hurried; they took their time to think it over, as Dutchmen will; but at length they conceived an immense project for acquiring all the trade, or the best part of it, of both the West and the East…In 1609, quite inadvertently, Henry Hudson discovered it…received a visit from some Indians with native commodities to exchange for knives and beads…They were affable, but untrustworthy, stealing what they could lay their hands on, and a few days later shooting arrows at a boatload of seamen from the ship, and killing one John Colman. Hudson went ashore, and was honored with dances and chants; upon the whole, the impression mutually created seems to have been favorable.”Source: Julian Hawthorne, from The History of the United States from 1492 to 1910, V1Which of the following is an example of how the Dutch treatment of American Indians differed from Britain’s treatment?

(01.02 LC) According to the Spanish caste system, which group was comprised of Spanish people born in New Spain?

(05.03 MC)Question refers to the map below.Public DomainWhy were there four main candidates in the election shown on the map?

(05.01 MC)Question refers to the excerpt below.”We have not sought to extend our territorial possessions by conquest, or our republican institutions over a reluctant people. It was the deliberate homage of each people to the great principle of our federative union. If we consider the extent of territory involved in the annexation, its prospective influence on America, the means by which it has been accomplished, springing purely from the choice of the people themselves to share the blessings of our union, the history of the world may be challenged to furnish a parallel…We may rejoice that the tranquil and pervading influence of the American principle of self-government was sufficient to defeat the purposes of British and French interference…From this example European Governments may learn how vain diplomatic arts and intrigues must ever prove upon this continent against that system of self-government which seems natural to our soil, and which will ever resist foreign interference.”Source: James Polk, from the State of the Union Address, December 2, 1845After this State of the Union Address, the statement that the annexation of Texas was born of a “choice of the people themselves to share the blessings of our union” was

(03.02, 03.03 HC)Using the excerpts, answer a, b, and c.”From the beginning of the controversy, the issue was representation, not taxation. Americans rejected out of hand arguments that the members of Parliament—men whom they had not elected—somehow represented the interests of colonists who lived 3,000 miles from London…British administrators had not anticipated such violent resistance, and in 1766 they reluctantly repealed the Stamp Act. They made it clear, however, that they would never again compromise with the colonists…The king and his advisors gave not an inch on the question of representation. Within a year, Parliament announced new schemes to tax the colonists.”Source: T.H. Breen, historian, “The Road to Revolution””Those accused of violating the Stamp Act would be tried in Admiralty Courts, which had no juries…The colonists protested that…it violated their right to trial by jury. Above all, however, they insisted that both acts levied taxes on them and that…Parliament had no right to tax the colonists because they had no representatives in the House of Commons.Several colonies unsuccessfully petitioned Parliament against the Sugar and Stamp Acts…What else could the colonists do? Allowing the Stamp Act to go into effect would create a precedent for new taxes, which Parliament would surely approve again and again because every tax on the Americans relieved them and their constituents of that financial burden.”Source: Pauline Maier, historian, “The American Revolution, 1763–1783” Briefly describe ONE important difference between Breen’s and Maier’s historical interpretations for the reasons behind the American colonists’ rejection of the British Parliament’s raising of taxes in the 1760s. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period 1754 to 1800 that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Breen’s argument. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period 1754 to 1800 that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Maier’s argument.

(05.03 MC)Question refers to the map below.Public DomainWhy were there four main candidates in the election shown on the map?

(01.08 LC)Why is it important to diversify investments?

(01.02 LC)Which of the following groups were considered at the top of the caste system in New Spain?