7A – You are teaching a patient about fiber and its role in the prevention of constipation. Which of these statements, if made by the patient, would indicate the patient needs more teaching?

10C – Which assessment information obtained by the nurse when caring for a patient with pneumonia is most important to communicate to the health care provider?

You would like to make 1 L of a 1 M Tris buffer (pKa = 8.1). Tris comes as a free base. How many moles of HCl would you expect to need for this solution to reach a pH of 6.5? Reminder: The protonated and deprotonated forms of Tris should total 1 mol/L (1M). (2 pts)

6C – The nurse is caring for a 65-year-old patient who has suffered a stroke. Which type of pneumonia is the patient most at risk for developing? 

 15B – A patient is taking a thiazide diuretic (potassium-wasting) for treatment of hypertension. The nurse will teach the patient to report symptoms of adverse effects such as:

As electrons are passed along the mitochondrial electron transport chain, what is being “pumped” out from the mitochondrial matrix into the mitochondrial intermembrane space? (1.5 pts)

10B – A patient presents to the Emergency Department and has serum electrolytes drawn. Their lab values are as follows:    Sodium 145 Potassium 4.9 Magnesium 2.7 Calcium 10.0 The nurse documents their electrolyte imbalance as: 

7D –  A 68-year-old female sex patient, who is postmenopausal, is prescribed a low-dose topical estrogen cream to treat her urinary incontinence. The patient asks the nurse, “How will this cream help me stop leaking pee?” Which of the following responses by the nurse best explains the mechanism of action of the medication?

8D – Which of the following glomerular filtration rates would not cause the nurse to be concerned?

Secondary structure elements are stabilized by a specific type of non-covalent interaction. Explain this principle, compare how α-helices and β-sheets arrange these interactions, and give one example of how amino acid sequence can influence whether each structure forms. (2 pts)