Page 2: Consider the following description of a feedback loop: After a meal that includes large numbers of carbohydrates, the body breaks down these carbohydrates primarily into glucose which is absorbed into the blood. This increases blood glucose concentration. Cells in the pancreatic islets known as Beta cells detect this increase in glucose concentration. The exact mechanism for this detection is complicated, but basically increased glucose concentration increases the ratio of ATP/ADP which ultimately increases calcium concentration in the beta cell. High calcium concentration leads to the secretion of insulin via exocytosis. Insulin travels through the blood to the liver. Insulin causes the liver to increase permeability of the liver cells to glucose and also triggers the synthesis of glycogen, which requires glucose. The net effect is a decrease in glucose concentration. 6. What is the effector in the above example 7. The above example is an example of a 8. Which of the following describes the Anatomical Position Position? 9. Which Cavity contains the urinary bladder 10. Which Cavity contains the Heart

Page 10: 46. Which of the following detects rotational dynamic equilibrium? 47. Molecules that simulate olfactory receptors are called 48. Where would you find an otolith? 49. Which of the following is not a primary taste? 50. Which of the following is not a description of an autonomic affect?  

Free Response 1: List the steps in the contraction cycle (in order) and explain what happens in each. The explanation counts more than simply listing the step (12pts).

What happens to the plant of eternal youth?

Page 1: 1. The autonomic nervous system is composed of nerves and ganglia connecting the CNS to the 2. The two divisions of the autonomic motor division of the nervous system are the 3. The effectors of the ANS are 4. A preganglionic neuron carries nerve impulses between 5. Which pair of neurons are both unmyelinated?

Free Response 3: Describe all possible paths sympathetic preganglionic neurons can take to reach their post-synaptic cell, and all possible paths post ganglionic neurons can take to their effector cells. 

Page 3: 11. Which type of ganglia belong to the parasympathetic nervous system? 12. The parasympathetic fibers that innervate the thoracic and abdominal cavities leave the CNS via which nerve or nerves? 13. A cholinergic receptor is one that is activated by 14. What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons (with the exception of those synapsing with sweat glands)? 15. preganglionic neurons and somatic motor neurons are

Free Response 1: PICK ONE of the following free response questions to answer for a maximum of 5 points: Option a – Pick 2 epithelia and 3 connective tissues, Give their function and location  (Chapter 4) Option b – Name 5 accessory structures (glands, sensory structures, etc) in the skin and list their function

Page 4: 16. The hollow spaces between lamellae in which osteocytes are found are called 17. Which of the following is a fibrous joint? 18. A diarthrosis is a 19 The inner layer of an articular capsule is the 20. What substance is typically found inside of the articular capsule?

Page 4: Consider the following: The detrusor muscle is found in the walls of the urinary bladder. Contraction of the detrusor muscle pushes urine out of the bladder. The internal urethral sphincter is a muscle surrounding the urethra. Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter prevents urine from leaving the bladder. 16. What is the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter? 17. What is the sympathetic effect on the smooth muscle of the iris? 18. Which of the following is a sympathetic effect? 19. Which of the following is a parasympathetic effect? Consider the following: The Beta-1 Adrenergic receptor is found primarily in cardiac muscle. 20. Based on what you know about the location cardiac muscle is, what type of neurotransmitter acts on adrenergic receptors and the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on the heart, Which of the statements in the dropdown menu is true: