An 83-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department…

An 83-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her daughter, who reports that the patient became confused and agitated over the past two days. She was previously living independently and oriented. Her current symptoms began suddenly and seem to worsen in the evening. The daughter also notes that the patient had a urinary tract infection diagnosed earlier this week. On exam, the patient is disoriented to time and place, struggles to focus during the interview, and appears restless. Which of the following characteristics most clearly distinguishes this patient’s condition (delirium) from dementia?

A 32-year-old woman presents with complaints of recurrent, u…

A 32-year-old woman presents with complaints of recurrent, unilateral headaches accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and occasional auras such as flashing lights. She reports that her headaches are pulsating, last several hours, and often worsen with physical activity. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of migraine headaches?

A 45-year-old man presents with progressive clumsiness, stat…

A 45-year-old man presents with progressive clumsiness, stating he often drops objects and recently has had difficulty performing tasks requiring fine motor coordination, such as hammering a nail. He also reports that his speech has become slurred, and his legs occasionally feel weak. He denies visual or cognitive changes. A chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system involving predominantly motor neurons is suspected. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 40-year-old administrative assistant presents with daily h…

A 40-year-old administrative assistant presents with daily headaches that she describes as a dull, pressure-like pain around the forehead and occipital area. The pain is bilateral, non-pulsatile, and is not associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or aura. She notes that the headaches often begin in the afternoon and are worse during periods of stress. Over-the-counter analgesics provide some relief. What is the most likely patient’s diagnosis?

A 29-year-old woman presents with intermittent visual distur…

A 29-year-old woman presents with intermittent visual disturbances, right arm weakness, and numbness in the left leg. MRI of the brain and spinal cord reveals multiple demyelinating lesions in both supratentorial and spinal regions. Which of the following best explains the asymmetric and varied presentation of her symptoms?