What is the advantage gained by the glutamatergic cell in shuttling lactate when it appears that a pyruvate shuttle would be more direct?  (1 pt.) What role does Ala play in the shuttle system? Again, it appears that shuttling pyruvate would be more direct, since you start with pyruvate in the glutamatergic cell and end up with pyruvate in the astrocyte.  (1 pt.) Write out the reaction that takes 2-oxoglu, which is another name for

MC Questions 12 – 20 A.        UTP or UDP or PLP (vitamin B6) F.         NADP+/NADPH or Transaminase or Carnitine B.        ATP/ADP or Biotin G.        FAD/FADH2 or Mutase or CO2 or HCO3- C.        ATP/AMP or Phosphatase or Fumarate H.        Pi or 2Pi (phosphate) or Synthase or Citrate D.        GTP/GDP or Kinase or Glutamate I.         H2O or Urea or Phosphorylase E.        NAD+/NADH or Dehydrogenase or

Amino acids are classified as ketogenic or glucogenic.  Explain what this means and give an example of an amino acid metabolic breakdown product that is ketogenic and one that is glucogenic.  In addition, give an example of an amino acid that would be degraded to the intermediate you have chosen. Names, structures, or abbreviations are fine. a. Ketogenic, meaning: b. Example of ketogenic metabolic product: c. Ketogenic Amino acid: d. Glucogenic, meaning:  e. Example of glycogenic metabolic product:                d. Glucogenic Amino acid:

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Metabolism Upload an image of your drawing and explanation. Show how a molecule of palmitic acid (16:0) that has entered a muscle cell is “tagged” or prepared for

Upload an image of your drawings. Outline the steps necessary to convert the final odd-chain fatty acid

Upload your answers to these questions. a.) Draw out the synthesis of the ketone body, acetoacetate, which forms in the liver under fasting conditions. It is formed in three steps.  (4 pts.) b) For the the last step in the synthesis of acetoacetate, include the arrow pushing mechanism for the reaction and identify which reaction in glycolysis it is parallel to. (3 pts.) c.) Draw out the reactions that converts acetoacetate into the other two ketone bodies. Show the structures the three ketone bodies and label each with an acceptable name.  (2 pts.) d.) Ketone bodies are exported from the liver and utilized as an energy source by the extra-hepatic tissues. The brain, which normally utilizes glucose as its energy source, can, under fasting conditions, partially convert to using ketone bodies over the course of a few days. Show how a molecule of the ketone body, 

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation  Write out the missing compound, cofactor, name, element, or ion for each of the 24 points (numbered circles) on this diagram of the electron transport chain.    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.   20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Upload your answers to these questions. a.) Outline the reactions required to release a molecule of stored glucose from liver glycogen into the bloodstream. You may use acceptable abbreviations for the names of compounds–structures are not necessary. Include enzyme names or general type of enzymatic reaction for each step. (3 pts.) b.) Again in the liver, outline the series of reactions required to store a molecule of glucose as glycogen. You may use acceptable abbreviations for the names of compounds-–structures are not necessary. Include enzyme names or general type of enzymatic reaction for each step.  (3 pts.) c.) Briefly explain what provides the free energy required for the reactions outlined in part b.  (2 pts.)