Suppose you discovered a mutant strain of spinach in which the thylakoid membranes were slightly permeable to protons, thus allowing a slow leakage. (Remember that normal membranes are not permeable to protons at all.) How might this defect affect the yield of ATP or NADPH from the light reactions?

In the electron transport chain, the energy from high-energy electrons is transformed into _____ before being used to generate ATP.

The emperor penguins of Antarctica live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the cold Antarctic seawaters. During their annual breeding cycle, however, they migrate across the frozen continent to their breeding grounds 50 miles away from the sea (and 50 miles away from their source of food). For over two months, the male emperor penguins care for and incubate eggs, while the females return to the sea to feed. During this time, a male penguin can lose up to 50% of its biomass (by dry weight). Where does this biomass go?

In the chloroplast, cytochrome b6f is an important complex in the photosynthetic electron transport chain because it accepts electrons from photosystem II (via Pq) and donates them to photosystem I (via Pc). Another vital function of cytochrome b6f is that, during its oxidation-reduction cycle, it moves _____ from the _____.

The enzyme called rubisco:

The greatest change in free energy occurs when:

If one follows the respiratory energy transfers and transformations sequentially from glucose through glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, most of the free energy captured from the original glucose molecule is found in:

During photorespiration, which of the molecules acts as a substrate for rubisco?

Nitrate is a highly mobile in the soil due to the fact it’s an _________

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