During a foodborne outbreak, a team begins collecting exposure data before confirming the diagnosis through laboratory testing. This is an example of:

A public health team working in a conflict-affected region of northern Nigeria is trying to conduct a vaccination campaign as part of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. However, the team faces challenges, including misinformation spread through social media, limited access to certain villages due to security concerns, and sporadic detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in wastewater samples. Which of the following are barriers to polio eradication illustrated in this scenario?Choose all that apply.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) can help link cases by showing they are infected with genetically indistinguishable strains of a pathogen.

Match each component of the plague transmission cycle with the correct organism.

The probationary employment period must always last a minimum of 90 days and a maximum of 180 days.

What can be said about positions on the higher levels of an organizational chart?

Which of the following best describes the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)?

At the beginning of employment, it is helpful to review both the goals and the basic philosophy of the center with the new employee.

During an outbreak investigation of gastrointestinal illness at a summer camp, investigators only interviewed campers who visited the infirmary and reported symptoms. Asymptomatic campers and those with mild illness who did not seek care were not included in the case-control study. Which type of bias is most likely introduced in this investigation design?

During a foodborne outbreak investigation, cases are interviewed several weeks after exposure. Which type of bias is most likely to affect the accuracy of their food histories?