Which hormone is responsible for gallbladder contraction and the relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter of Oddi?

A 23 year old male is stabbed in the left axillary region between the 5th and 6th ribs.  The knife eventually punctured the lung causing a pneumothorax.  After the hypodermis, what is the correct order of tissues through which the knife went?

After a bad hockey check, a 28 year old male presents to his primary care physician with his right pupil constricted, his right eyelid drooping, and the inability to sweat on the right side of his face.  Which division of the autonomic nervous system was injured?

57 year old male, with uncontrolled diabetes, presents to his primary care physician with a sense of fullness and vomiting over the past few weeks.  How might the diabetes be directly contributing to the malfunction of the GI tract?

A patient is diagnosed with hypocalcemia.  What would you expect her phosphate levels to look like?

A 24 year old patient suffers from hyperemesis gravidarum (excessive vomiting during pregnancy).  Which electrolyte disturbance would you expect to see?

A head-on collision results in a 47 year old female being pinned in a car.  This crush injury results in multiple vertebral column fractures and spinal cord swelling.  As a result of the spinal cord swelling, which structure is compressed between the dura and the vertebral bodies?

A 36 year old female presents to the emergency department with severe left flank pain.  A urinalysis demonstrates hematuria, but no leukocytosis.  What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 56 year old male, with a history of osteoarthritis, presents to the emergency department after vomiting up blood.  An EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or scope of the esophagus, stomach and part of the duodenum) demonstrates a bleeding ulcer at the greater curvature of the stomach.  Of the following, which artery was most likely involved?

A 19 year old male was brought to the emergency department after an MVA.  His angiogram demonstrated bleeding from the vein that is accompanied by the posterior interventricular artery.  Which vein most likely ruptured?