Behavior that is outside the range of normal societal toleration is best described as ______.

Developing policies with the purpose of improving the physical and social environments to decrease crime is an example of which of the following theories?

Nationally, the disparity of rates between black and nonblacks was much greater for ______ offenses.

Prior to the emergence of modern criminal law in the eighteenth century, which of the following was considered the primary basis of social control beyond kinship organization?

Definitions of deviance are relative to all of the following except for ______.

______ are thin, fragile of form, introverted, sensitive, and subject to worrying.

Which of the following crimes were more likely to be experienced as compared to violent crimes?

Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of thought?

All of the following statements pertaining to the gender gap are true except that ______.

Before the formulation and acceptance of the ______ theory, the administration of criminal justice in Europe was cruel, uncertain, and unpredictable.