Short answer questions  You will respond to two questions from each of Modules 1-5. For each module, you will be given two sets of two questions to choose from. In each set, select one question to answer from each set. Do not answer both. If you do, only the first one will be graded. In your response, please clearly indicate which question you are answering. For example: “This answer is in response to Option B about action potentials.” Make your responses are as complete as possible, addressing all parts to the question and providing explanation when requested. Pay attention for key words like “explain” and “why or why not?”. 

Module 2 – Set 1 Select A or B A patient suffers a traumatic brain injury that damages the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. As a result, multiple hormone imbalances occur. Explain how the hypothalamus normally communicates with the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. Predict which hormones would be affected if the hypothalamus could no longer regulate the anterior pituitary. How might this impact processes like metabolism, stress response, or reproduction? Would the posterior pituitary be affected in the same way as the anterior pituitary? Why or why not? A researcher finds a mutation in a G-protein receptor that prevents it from activating adenylyl cyclase. How would this mutation affect the cAMP signaling pathway? Predict how this might impact hormone actions.

Module 1 – Set 1 Select A or B  A hiker gets lost in the desert during the summer and is exposed to extreme heat for several hours, while another hiker is trapped in a snowstorm for the same amount of time. Compare how the body’s physiological responses would differ in these extreme conditions. During a fever, the body raises its internal temperature to fight off infection, creating a cycle that continues until the threat is eliminated. This is an example of positive feedback. In contrast, when you overheat on a hot day, your body cools itself by sweating, an example of negative feedback. Compare and contrast these two processes, explaining how positive and negative feedback contribute to maintaining or disrupting homeostasis. Use the examples provided in your answer.

Regarding the roles of the lymphatic system in maintaining homeostasis, which of the following statements are accurate? (choose all that apply)

Consider the statement S1 = “The cat sat on the mat” and the statement S2 = “The cat ran over the bat”, calculate the precision between the two statements for unigram, bigram and trigram

A 65-year-old male with a history of chronic smoking and unintentional weight loss presents to the clinic with progressive shortness of breath and right-sided pleuritic chest pain. A chest X-ray reveals a large right-sided pleural effusion, and thoracentesis is performed, pleural fluid analysis is consistent with exudative pleural effusion. Which of the following is a most common cause of exudative pleural effusion?

A 54-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of frequent episodes of sudden, intense urges to urinate, followed by involuntary leakage before she can reach the bathroom. She states that this has been happening for the past six months, occurring both during the day and at night. She denies dysuria, fever, or hematuria. What is the most likely type of urinary incontinence?

A 56-year-old man with a history of hereditary hemochromatosis presents for a routine follow-up. He has no current symptoms, but his laboratory results show elevated serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels. The healthcare provider explains that excess iron accumulation can lead to organ damage. Which of the following best describes the primary concern in iron overload?

A 52-year-old man presents to the clinic with complaints of loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and morning headaches. His wife reports that he frequently pauses in breathing during sleep and often wakes up feeling unrested. He has a BMI of 32 kg/m² and a history of hypertension. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is suspected. Which physical exam finding would most likely support the most common cause of OSAS in adults?

A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with lethargy, dry mucous membranes, and decreased urine output for the past two days. His mother reports that he had severe vomiting and diarrhea after a recent gastroenteritis outbreak at daycare. On examination, he appears pale, tachycardic, and has a delayed capillary refill time. On examination, the child has decreased blood pressure. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this child’s pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI)?