When a deformed bar is loaded for the first time, the adhesion and friction are quickly lost, leaving the bond to be transferred by _______.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 16 in., h = 26 in., and d = 23.5 in. It is reinforced with five No. 7 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 5,200 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups satisfying ACI 318-14 Sections 9.7.6.2.2 and 9.6.3.3. Determine the strength φMn for this beam.

Determine the lightweight modification factor, λ, for a rectangular beam with b = 17 in. and d = 24 in., three galvanized No. 9 Grade 60 tension-reinforcement bars placed in the bottom of the beam, and No. 4 Grade 60 stirrups located every 8 in. along the span. Assume 7,000-psi lightweight concrete and a clear cover of 2 in.

A simply supported beam with dimensions of b = 14 in., h = 26 in., d = 23.5 in., and L = 21 ft supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load of 1.579167 kips/ft including its own self weight plus a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 0.8 kips/ft. The beam is reinforced with five No. 8 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 2,500 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Using the effective moment of inertia, determine the immediate mid-span deflection of the beam due to the combined service loads (dead plus live).The effective moment of inertia Ie = 12,311 in.4.

Determine the casting-position modification factor, ψt, for a rectangular beam with b = 17 in. and d = 21 in., three galvanized No. 9 Grade 60 tension-reinforcement bars placed in the top of the beam, and No. 3 Grade 40 stirrups located every 8 in. along the span. Assume 6,000-psi lightweight concrete and a clear cover of 2 in.

In deformed reinforcing bars, adhesion and lateral friction are significant sources of bond strength.

In a reinforced concrete beam, the flexural compressive forces are resisted by _______, while the flexural tensile forces are provided by _______.

Determine the bar-spacing factor, cb, for a simply supported rectangular beam with b = 16 in. and No. 3 stirrups. This beam has five No. 8 bars as longitudinal reinforcement. The clear cover is 1.8 in.

A large stress concentration, possibly leading to large inclined cracks, happens when a tension bar is cutoff at a location of high shear force.

The development length of a bar is _______.