Cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria through a Bax/Bak channel in the ­­­­_____ pathway of apoptosis.

Determine whether each of the following statements refers to the innate or adaptive immune system.

A. In the following simplified diagram of the NFκB-dependent signaling pathway, indicate which boxes (A to C) correspond to the NF-κB, IκB, and IKK proteins, respectively. B. You add okadaic acid, a chemical that removes phosphate groups from proteins, to cells that have activated NF-κB signaling in response to IL-1.  How will okadaic acid affect NF-κB signaling?  Explain your reasoning.  In your explanation, make sure to describe the functions of the NF-κB, IκB, and IKK proteins and how they lead to expression of inflammatory response genes in response to the IL-1 signal and how this will be affected by okadaic acid.

Which of the following gives rise to red blood cells?

Imagine you are walking barefoot across a pasture when your foot becomes punctured with a dirty splinter. Describe the physiological and molecular changes that occur in your foot over the next few hours.

Based on the data above, name the specific complement pathway likely to be affected that could cause this immunodeficiency. Explain why you chose that complement pathway and why you ruled out the other two.

Name the appropriate antibody isotype(s) (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) for the following statement.  Include all that apply. –Includes a J-chain

Cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressive drug commonly used in transplant patients to prevent graft rejection by alloreactive T cells.  T cells treated with cyclosporin A have decreased Ca2+ levels and decreased expression of the IL-2 cytokine.  Based on these data, choose the signaling molecule(s) that is(are) affected by cyclosporin A (select all that apply).    

Will C57 T cells become activated in the presence of influenza-infected C57 antigen-presenting cells? In your answer, make sure to describe the 3 signals necessary for normal T-cell activation, the cell types involved in each signal, which molecules are expressed on each cell that are responsible for the signal (where appropriate), and whether the outcome of each signal will occur in C57 T cells.  Also, describe how T cell activation would be altered in the presence of influenza-infected BALB/c APCs.

Ten yards on a football field is considered 30 feet. How many centimeters would that equal?