Carla is playing a memory game with her mother. She proudly states she can easily remember where all 20 matching cards are. Carla is confident about her perfect memory abilities because she has not yet developed ___________.

After watching a documentary about a fatal plane crash, Javier swears off airplane flights because he believes they are flying death traps with a high likelihood of crashing but incorrectly believes that car rides are less likely to cause fatal accidents. Javier’s faulty reasoning is the result of ________________.

When witnesses are asked to recall the order of events in the reverse order, interviewers are using this technique from the Cognitive Interview: 

Brenda is at the supermarket with her toddler, Mikey, who wants a candy bar at the register. Brenda tell him no and Mikey begins to shout and cry. After trying to quiet Mikey in vain, Brenda finally gives him the candy bar and Mikey stops the tantrum. The next outing at the supermarket, the same pattern happened. Eventually Brenda gave Mikey a candy bar and Mikey stopped the tantrum. Brenda’s behavior was ________________________ and Mikey’s behavior was ___________________.

Stefano is very scared of heights but has no fear of fast cars. High cliffs and tall trees have existed for a long time but fast cars are a recent invention. This tendency to have a more immediate fear response to high-up places than fast cars demonstrates _______ in his phobia.

In the Ronald Cotton/Jennifer Thompson case, Jennifer had a knife to her throat during her assault.  This may have impaired her memory due to:

The Manson criteria, emphasized by courts, consist of five factors to be taken into account when evaluating eyewitness identification accuracy.  The following factor goes against research findings:

An interviewer complains that he/she cannot use the Cognitive Interview to interview cooperative witnesses because it takes way too much time to go through all of the components.  As a psychologist who knows about the Cognitive Interview and how it should be used, how might you respond to this complaint, and thus encourage the interviewer to use this interview?

According to the Morgan et al. (2004) soldier “survival training” study, soldiers who were interrogated under low stress as opposed to high stress conditions were: 

Chunking emphasizes units of related information, and the use of headings creates clear chunks (small units) of information.