A 25-year-old man collapses while running. Autopsy shows thickened interventricular septum. Which process explains his sudden death?

A 74-year-old man presents with weight loss, chronic cough, and fever. CXR: cavitary lesion in upper lobe. Which process explains his condition?

A 78-year-old homeless woman presents to ED with large ulcerated lesion on her sacrum. Which process explains her skin breakdown?

A 29-year-old Hispanic woman in her third trimester presents to clinic with severe headache and visual changes. BP 176/106 (normal

While reviewing a brain biopsy in a patient with Alzheimer’s disease, the NP notes progressive neuronal loss without inflammatory cells. This looks like dysregulated apoptosis—cells are being eliminated inappropriately but not with the inflammation of necrosis. Which process is present?

47-year-old woman on long-term corticosteroids reports hip pain. MRI reveals femoral head necrosis. The NP reasons: This isn’t infection or autoimmunity—it’s ischemia cutting off blood supply

A 71-year-old woman is admitted with an ischemic stroke. On MRI, the NP reviews pathology showing swollen neurons with ruptured membranes and inflammation. The NP thinks: This isn’t tidy or regulated like apoptosis—this is uncontrolled necrosis from hypoxia. Which process is responsible?

The NP evaluates a tall, thin 19-year-old with hyperflexible joints and aortic root dilation. Genetic testing reveals a fibrillin mutation. The NP reflects: This isn’t a chromosome error like Down syndrome—it’s a single-gene

The NP assesses a 55-year-old septic patient who is tachypneic. ABG: pH 7.53 (7.35–7.45), PaCO₂ 25 (35–45), HCO₃⁻ 23 (22–26). The NP thinks: This alkalosis is from hyperventilation blowing off too much CO₂

The NP counsels a couple after amniocentesis confirms a fetus has three copies of chromosome 21. This isn’t a point mutation—it’s a whole chromosome error caused by nondisjunction. Which disorder is present?