The gambler’s fallacy is thought of as a special instance of ______.

According to recognition-primed decision making, experts often perform mental ______ in order to compare a new situation to old ones and decide on possible courses of action.

What makes continental plates different from oceanic plates?    

The following table contains observed and predicted GDP per capita numbers – all relative to the United States – for three different countries. You can assume that the three countries share the same capital income share . Select all the correct answers below. Observed GDP per capita Predicted GDP per capita China 0.30 0.80 Japan 0.70 0.95 Brazil 0.25 0.75

The following results were obtained from a 75-year-old patient:PredictedMeasuredSVC3.2 L2.6 LFVC3.2 L3.0 LFEV12.24 L/min0.9 LFEV1/FVC70%30%These results are most indicative of

Construct a dotplot for the given data. The following data represent the number of cars passing through a toll booth during a certain time period over a number of days. 38​, 39​, 37​, 37​, 44​, 38​, 41​, 38​, 39​, 35​, 42​, 39​, 43​, 37​, 41  

Please be aware that it is difficult to program answers for every possible calculation variation that the students may offer while still being “correct.”   For example, the exact answer rounded to three decimal places may be 0.781.  Students may still work the problem correctly, but round in their steps.  They may get 0.782 or 0.780 etc….  There may also be typos and spelling errors.   For these reasons, correct answers may be marked as incorrect initially.  I do review the tests and try to correct these errors.  Don’t panic until I have reviewed the tests.    

(3) Most researchers and health care professionals agree that body mass index (BMI) is useful on a population level to track weight changes and chronic disease risk. However, there is debate on if and how BMI should be used as a tool to assess obesity in individuals. The AMA adopted a new policy on the use of BMI in June 2023. This policy change, “recognizes issues with using BMI as a measurement due to its historical harm, its use for racist exclusion, and because BMI is based primarily on data collected from previous generations of non-Hispanic white populations.” (quote from linked article above). From your knowledge of research methods, what do you think about using non-Hispanic white populations to create BMI categories for individual assessment for obesity that are used for all race and ethnic groups? Describe why you agree or disagree with the argument made in the article against using BMI to assess individuals.

(4) The ASA24 is an internet-based automated self-administered 24-hour dietary recall application developed by NCI. It uses technology drawn from the USDA’s Automated Multiple-Pass Method to provide a tool to researchers, educators, and the public for collecting multiple 24hr recalls. The ASA24 has become a very popular method of data collection given that it can be used free of charge to investigators that register their research studies.  Describe the strengths and limitations of the ASA24 recall method and discuss whether or not it has been shown to be valid in adults and children.  

2) (25 points)   Consider downloading a file of size F bits from a server S to a client C. The server has an access link with transmission bit rate RS = 2R bit/s to the backbone of the Internet, while the client has access transmission bit rate RC = R. We model the backbone of the Internet with two links with transmission bit rates RB1 = 5R and RB2 = 10R that are interconnected with a router. Thus, there are total of two hosts (i.e., server, client), three routers (i.e., router between server access link and first backbone link, router between the two backbone links, and router between second backbone link and client access link),  and four links in the considered network architecture and the file is transmitted from the server to the client as indicated by the direction of the arrows: Server => Access link RS = 2R bit/s => Backbone link RB1 = 5 R  => Backbone link RB2 = 10 R  => Access link RC = R  => Client. The distances (lengths) of the access links of client and server are the same and are denoted by dA meters, the backbone links have length dB, dB > dA. Let s meters/second denote the propagation speed on the links. Assume that the routers interconnecting the links have unlimited buffer capacity and negligible nodal processing delay. There are no other traffic flows in the considered network. Drawing a labeled separate space-time diagram for each of the following parts a), b), and c) is required in order to receive credit. a) Suppose message switching is used, i.e., the entire file is treated as one large packet. How long does it take to download the file? b) Suppose the file is broken up into packets, each packet with P information bits (with F/P an integer), and packet switching is used. Header bits are negligible. How long does it take to download the file? c) Suppose circuit switching is used. The circuit that we set up across all the network links has a circuit transmission bit rate of R/2 bit/s. Assuming ts seconds set up time, how long does it take to download the file?