With time, concrete frames expand due to creep, while brick exteriors shorten due to an increase in moisture content above their kiln-dried condition.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 18 in., h = 24 in., and d = 21.5 in. It is reinforced with four No. 6 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 7,000 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the neutral axis location of the cracked beam (measured from the top of the beam).

Reinforcement surrounded by concrete will _______ until an electrolytic cell can be established.

Concrete covers in excess of 2 in. may be required for durability, for fire resistance, or in members such as footings.

A simply supported beam with dimensions of b = 14 in., h = 24 in., d = 21.5 in., and L = 23 ft supports a uniform service (unfactored) dead load of 1.55 kips/ft including its own self weight plus a uniform service (unfactored) live load of 1.3 kips/ft. The beam is reinforced with four No. 6 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 7,600 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Using the effective moment of inertia, determine the immediate mid-span deflection of the beam due to the combined service loads (dead plus live).The effective moment of inertia Ie = 4,127.3 in.4.

A beam is singly reinforced with the reinforcement in two rows. The bottom row contains 7 No. 6 bars at a depth of 20 in. The top row contains 5 No. 7 bars at a depth of 15 in. Determine the effective (centroidal) depth, d, of the steel.

Heat of hydration can cause a bursting force in the concrete where the bar is located and cause an eventual loss of cover.

The major strength limit states in reinforced concrete are caused by excessive deflections, excessive crack widths, and undesirable vibrations.

What does the symbol f​r ​represent in the transition from I​g​ to I​cr ​equation?

Ignoring the compression reinforcement will have only a minor effect on elastic stress and deflection analyses.