“The expansion of the South across the Appalachians and the Mississippi River to the fringes of the high plains was one of the great American folk wanderings. Motivated by the longing for fresh and cheap land,… Southerners completed their occupation of a region as large as western Europe. Despite the variety of the land, . . . the settlers of the Southwest had certain broad similarities. They might be farmers large or small, but most farmed or lived by serving the needs of farmers. . . . Not all owned or ever would own slaves, but most accepted slavery as a mode of holding and creating wealth.” — Albert E. Cowdrey, historian, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, 1983 Which of the following contributed most directly to the population movement described in the excerpt?

Reading for questions 14 – 15  “ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,… than along the sea-shore, where the generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores.” Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604 Question: The French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians in that the French:

“Joseph Smith… came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide. . . . In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon…. He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight.”–Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism’s Founder, 2005 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

  All of the following groups would have been likely to agree with the image’s depiction of Andrew Jackson EXCEPT

Image for questions 6 -8 Question: The image most directly reflects the belief held by many in 1788 that:   

Reading for Questions 9-11 “ Washington’s gratitude was genuine . . . but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role…. Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed ‘General Washington’s Sewing Circle.’ “Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women’s efforts with wry condescension. . . . The women, on the other hand,… could reflect proudly that ‘whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil.’” Mary Beth Norton, historian, “The Philadelphia Ladies Association,” American Heritage, 1980. Question: The women described in the excerpt would have most typically engaged in which of the following activities during the Revolutionary era?

“The creation of the home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensible to obtain a supply of our necessary wants…. Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture …. Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the  theater of for our own consumption from Europe to America?    “…. Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled its end…. The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the of foreign labor would extend the of American , unable, in the infancy and unprotected state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them be perfected as they are in England, and we shall be ready … to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest exchanges.”  — Henry Clay,  Speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824 Which of the following was an interpretation of the speech by opponents of the goals Clay expressed in the excerpt? 

“I was particularly gratified to be favored from yourself with your sentiments on that interesting subject which has engaged so much of the attention of Congress during its present session…. I think there can be no doubt of the impropriety of the interference of government, in the direction of labor and capital … so far as it respects our own country; but I have supposed that it ought to interfere, in behalf of our own people, against the policy and the measures of Foreign governments ….   …. The measure of protection which affords short of what many of its friends wished; but considering the sensibilities which have been awakened, and the…diversity of interests which exist in our Country it is perhaps better that we should advance slowly…. I can not however but hope and believe that… we shall see, after a few years, that it will have accomplished much.”  — Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Representatives, letter to former President James Madison, 1824 The concerns described in the excerpt best reflect which of the following historical developments? 

“In exercising the power of regulating their own purely internal affairs, whether of trading or police, the states may sometimes enact laws, the validity of which depends on their interference with, and being contrary to, an act of Congress passed in pursuance of the Constitution…. Should this collision exist, it will be immaterial whether those laws were passed in virtue of a concurrent power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, or in virtue of a power to regulate their domestic trade and police…. This court is of opinion that so much of the several laws of the state of New York as prohibits vessels, licensed according to the laws of the United States, from navigating the waters of the state of New York, by means of fire or steam, is repugnant to the said Constitution and void.”  — United States Supreme Court, Gibbons v Ogden, 1824 The excerpt best reflects which of the following trends during the early 1800s? 

The peculiarity of is that, even as the nation legitimated itself in the principle of consent… it confronted a stubbornly entrenched institution that seemed to epitomize the very denial of consent, the very antithesis of liberal government: the widespread institution of African slavery…. slaves labored on the plantations of Jefferson, Madison, and Washington, among others…. not only did this vast population personify what the lack of consent could mean, it also raised the possibility that slaves might not retain their status forever; that they might rise up…just as white Americans had done…. “How could a young nation reconcile slavery with the principle of consent and self-government?”  — Francois Furstenberg, historian, In the Name of the Father; Washington’s Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation, 2006 Which of the following developments in the early 1800s was meant, in part, to increase the role of the people’s consent in government?