Free Response 1: List the steps in the contraction cycle (in order) and explain what happens in each. The explanation counts more than simply listing the step (12pts).

Page 3: 11. In adult, what is most likely to be found in the medullary cavity of a long bone? 12. stimulation of osteoclasts would 13. In response to high blood calcium, the body releases 14. In which area of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes enlarging and producing alkaline phosphate 15. Which structure would you find in compact bone, but not spongy bone?

Free Response 1: For each phase of an action potential, name the phase, indicate the state of each ion channel, what is happening to the potential, and which way and which type of ions are moving. Free Response 2:  List the name, number and function of the cranial nerves

Page 7: 31. Which tissue is found in the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs? 32. Which connective tissue has dense bundles of collagen fibers that run in all directions and is found in the dermis of the skin? 33. Which connective tissue is considered a dense connective tissue? 34. A gland with a single duct and a cylindrical secretory portion that twists into a looped mass would be classified as . An example would be sweat glands 35. Which connective tissue is capable of storing chemical energy in the form of triglycerides?  

Free Response 1: Describe the signaling cascade that occurs in a rod cell in both darkness and light. Start your description at the point the photon hits or does not hit a retinal molecule and finish with the excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell

Page 10: 46. Which of the following detects rotational dynamic equilibrium? 47. Molecules that simulate olfactory receptors are called 48. Where would you find an otolith? 49. Which of the following is not a primary taste? 50. Which of the following is not a description of an autonomic affect?  

Page 1: 1. Which of the following breaks down old bone matrix? 2. Which of the follow is a bone cell that is capable of mitosis and differentiates into other bone cells? 3. Action of which cell would directly decrease the concentration of calcium in the blood? 4. Which of the following is a hollow tube filled with blood vessels that runs perpendicular to the periosteum and connects osteons to one another? 5. interstitial Lamellae are

Page 3: 11. Which type of ganglia belong to the parasympathetic nervous system? 12. The parasympathetic fibers that innervate the thoracic and abdominal cavities leave the CNS via which nerve or nerves? 13. A cholinergic receptor is one that is activated by 14. What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons (with the exception of those synapsing with sweat glands)? 15. preganglionic neurons and somatic motor neurons are

Page 8: 36. Lacrimal glands produce 37. Pressure waves in the air are converted to vibrations in the auditory ossicles by the 38. Ultimately sound is converted into a nervous impulses by 39. The function of the ciliary muscle is to 40. The structure that is associated with equilibrium is

Free Response 3: Describe all possible paths sympathetic preganglionic neurons can take to reach their post-synaptic cell, and all possible paths post ganglionic neurons can take to their effector cells.