Review the proposed research questions below and select the most appropriate study design (observational or experimental) that should be used to answer the question.   Research Question Obs./Exp. a. To examine the association between frequent consumption of energy drinks and mental health problems.  b. To determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of influenza infections during influenza season.   c. To investigate whether maternal folic acid and/or multivitamin supplement use before and/or during pregnancy increases the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring.   d. To determine efficacy and non-inferiority of a new arthritis medication compared with the currently used medication.     e. To investigate the effect of how chronic sleep deprivation in young adults influences their risk of cardiovascular disease in middle age. f. To investigate the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet compared with the low-fat diet in decreasing weight in obese patients. 

Which of the following best describes what is being presented in the figure below?    

From the table below, identify whether each potential risk (or health) factor is best described as “modifiable” versus “non-modifiable”, and whether it is typically measured at the individual versus aggregate level.   Factor Modifiable vs. Non-modifiable Individual vs. Aggregate Level a. Age     b. Access to green space (e.g., parks)     c. Body mass index     d. Decision to get flu vaccine at CVS     e. Family history of heart disease     f. Race, ethnic background      

You receive a request for 500mL of potassium permanganate solution 1 in 10,000. A stock solution of 0.1%w/v is available. What volume of the stock will be needed to prepare the final product?

You are an independent prescriber running a diabetes clinic. You see a 19-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes. As part of her insulin regimen, she is prescribed Levemir® (insulin detemir) at a dose of 18 units twice a day with breakfast and evening meal. You prescribe a box of five 3mL Levemir® 300unit/3mL cartridges. How many full days will this prescription last? Assume only single doses are to be administered from each injection pen.

You work as a pharmacist independent prescriber and do medication reviews in nursing homes. You see a lady who has oral thrush and decide to prescribe miconazole 2% oral gel. The gel is available in an 80g tube and you add the following directions: Apply 2.5mL of gel four times a day after meals If there is 62mg of miconazole per 2.5mL of gel, and the patient uses the gel as directed, how many full days of treatment are contained in an 80g tube?

A nurse must prepare a ceftriaxone 2g ampoule with water for injection to make a 200mg/mL solution. The displacement volume for ceftriaxone is 0.78mL/1g. What volume in millilitres must be added to the ampoule in order to produce the required concentration?  Give your answer to TWO (2) decimal places.

You are a pharmacist independent prescriber working within a hospice. You admit a patient prescribed the following analgesia: OxyContinÒ (oxycodone) 80mg MR tablets, ONE every 12 hours OxyContinÒ (oxycodone) 10mg MR tablets, ONE every 12 hours OxyNormÒ (oxycodone) 5mg/5mL oral solution, 5mL PRN You want to calculate a more appropriate OxyNorm dose for breakthrough pain, using the standard recommended maximum dose. How many millilitres of Oxynorm 5mg/5mL oral solution does this patient require for each breakthrough pain dose?

An 18-month-old female patient (weight 9.1kg) requires prophylactic treatment for urinary tract infections. The patient is prescribed nitrofurantoin 1mg/kg at night. How many millilitres of nitrofurantoin 25mg/5mL suspension should be administered to the child each day? Give your answer to ONE (1) decimal place.

A 6-month-old immunocompromised patient with a Varicella Zoster infection has been prescribed IV aciclovir. A 500mg vial is reconstituted with 20mL of sodium chloride 0.9% to provide a solution containing 25mg aciclovir/mL. The child has a normal renal function and a body surface area of 0.42. How many millilitres of aciclovir 25mg/mL are needed for each dose? Give your answer to ONE (1) decimal place.   Extract from SPC for aciclovir 500mg powder for solution for infusion