Which of the following are required for the evolution of reciprocal altruism? Select two correct answers.

Following selection, 80% of individuals with the “AA” genotype survive, all “Aa” individuals survive and 40% of “aa” individuals survive. Their respective relative fitnesses are…

The presence of altruistic behavior in some animals can be explained by kin selection, a theory that maintains that…

Prior to European colonization, tens of thousands of whooping cranes lived in North America. By 1938, due to overexploitation and habitat loss, whooping cranes were virtually extinct, with a total population of only 15 individuals. Since then, careful conservation efforts have increased the North American whooping crane population to over 800 today. From a genetic standpoint, as a result of this catastrophe, whooping cranes experienced a “population bottleneck”, which is a severe form of . The current population of whooping cranes should be expected to have , relative to the pre-colonial population.

Following selection, all individuals with the “AA” genotype survive, 60% “Aa” individuals survive and 30% of “aa” individuals survive. Their respective relative fitnesses are…  

You perform an experiment to test for the evolution of resistance in Salmonella bacteria to the antibiotic amoxicillin. To quantify the evolution of resistance in the population, you measure the “zone of inhibition” (i.e., how close the bacteria can grow to the antibiotic on the paper disk in the center of the Petri dish). After several generations, you find that the “zone of inhibition” has decreased in size—the bacteria are able to grow closer to the antibiotic paper disk. Based on these results, you can conclude…  

What characteristics of Influenza require that new vaccines be developed every year and increase the risk of new and deadly strains evolving. Select TWO answers that apply.

What characteristic distinguishes plants from animals and fungi?

The graph below shows the change in the frequency of allele A1 over 100 generations in four populations of fish. All four populations are found in separate, remote lakes and are completely isolated from each other, as well as, other populations.  The allele A1 does not affect the fitness of individuals who carry the allele, all changes in the frequency of allele A1, therefore, can be attributed to genetic drift. Given this information, which of the four populations is most likely the smallest?

The Müller’s ratchet hypothesis to explain sex suggests that…