Module 11 – Loop of Henle If a defect prevents solute transport out of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle: What is the normal role of the ascending limb in creating the vertical medullary osmotic gradient? (4 points) How would a failure to transport solutes here affect the osmolarity of the medulla? (3 points) How would this change in the medulla impact water reabsorption in the descending limb of the loop of Henle? (4 points) What effect might this have on the overall ability of the kidney to concentrate urine? (3 points)

Module 12 – RAAS A patient arrives at the clinic with low blood pressure, dizziness, and signs of dehydration. Blood tests show low sodium levels and elevated potassium. The physician suspects activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is necessary to restore balance. Explain the steps of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and how this system would help regulate the patient’s blood pressure, blood volume, and electrolyte levels through hormonal control of kidney function. What triggers the release of renin from the kidneys? (3 points) What is the function of renin in the RAAS pathway? (3 points) How is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II, and where does this occur? (4 points) How do the actions of angiotensin II and aldosterone work together to increase blood pressure and blood volume? (5 points)

Short answer questions  You will respond to all of the questions and subquestions (A, B, C, etc.) below. Make your responses are as complete as possible, providing explanation when requested. Pay attention for key words/phases like “explain” and “why or why not?”.  Questions will be graded based on the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the responses. I will be looking to see that you applied all relevant information from class into your responses including concepts and terms listed in the Brain Matter on the Module pages. 

A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a patient who has undergone AAA surgical repair. Which statement by the patient indicates further education is needed? 

Geobacillus stearothermophilus is used for what type of sterilization process? 

When designing a plan of care for the geriatric patient, fluid and electrolyte balance considerations the nurse should consider when caring for this population include which of the following (Select All That Apply)

Here is a set of homologous sequences from three different primates for a gene responsible for the higher intelligence observed in primates. We are interested in understanding where transcription factors bind upstream of the gene so that we can attempt to modulate the expression of the gene in individuals with decreased cognition in a highly experimental treatment (i.e., this would never work in reality). We discussed several different approaches for finding motifs in sequences. The sequences are reprinted for each question that requires you to use the sequences. GTTCAG AATCAG TATTCG Use the GibbsSampler to find motifs for these sequences. Assume you are looking for 4-mers and work your algorithms so there’s never a 4-mer with zero probability in your matrix. If there is a random component to an algorithm, make sure you tell me what the “random” choice is and make sure that it is evident to me that you understand what random means in the context of the Gibbs Sampler (i.e., if there is a random component, explain it to me in words and demonstrate its appropriate use). Explain the difference between random starts and iterations. Why do we need both? Are they both trying to do the same thing? If it is helpful for you to make your points, you are welcome to use a figure, for example, a figure of the solution space you draw. For this question, use two random starts for two iterations each. Make sure you report the score for each set of motifs. If you don’t provide sufficient detail for me to see that you understand what to do, your writing is too messy to read, or the different steps are scattered across the page, giving you credit will be challenging. 

Which of the following are complications of purging behaviors? 

What are the two types of Anorexia Nervosa?

Crédito adicional. Answer each of the questions in Spanish. Use a complete sentence as possible, write all numbers in words. I will award up to 1 point each for logical, grammatically correct responses. 5 points max. possible.  ¿Quién explica la lección en la clase?  ¿Qué necesitas para dibujar?  ¿Qué llevas en la mochila todos los días? ¿Con quién conversas todos los días?  ¿A dónde deseas viajar?  ¿Dónde está la cafetería de IU South Bend?  ¿Qué compras en la librería de la universidad?